{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3004723443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12020244","title":"A Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm of Load Current Maximization-Perturbation and Observation Method with Variable Step Size","display_name":"A Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm of Load Current Maximization-Perturbation and Observation Method with Variable Step Size","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3004723443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12020244","mag":"3004723443"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12020244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12020244","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/2/244/pdf?version=1582959945","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/2/244/pdf?version=1582959945","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103127163","display_name":"Lieping Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6976-846X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38706770","display_name":"Guilin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03z391397","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lieping Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Control Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6976-846X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Control Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101788368","display_name":"Zhengzhong Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38706770","display_name":"Guilin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03z391397","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengzhong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Control Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0131-6870","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Control Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101422324","display_name":"Peng Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4949-5548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139024713","display_name":"Guangdong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04azbjn80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4949-5548","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014411321","display_name":"Shenglan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7129-3443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38706770","display_name":"Guilin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03z391397","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shenglan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Control Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7129-3443","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Control Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014411321"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.3672,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51326504,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"244","last_page":"244"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11230","display_name":"Innovative Energy Harvesting Technologies","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12309","display_name":"solar cell performance optimization","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.7332026958465576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-power-point-tracking","display_name":"Maximum power point tracking","score":0.6956769227981567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.6346200704574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.62409508228302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-power-principle","display_name":"Maximum power principle","score":0.6118624210357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-width-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","score":0.6077395677566528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perturbation","display_name":"Perturbation (astronomy)","score":0.49225226044654846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.46409788727760315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.43362146615982056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.42392444610595703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4152058959007263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.28894516825675964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14742505550384521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12428885698318481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.7332026958465576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36139824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052007","display_name":"Maximum power point tracking","level":4,"score":0.6956769227981567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.6346200704574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.62409508228302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116615679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795908","display_name":"Maximum power principle","level":3,"score":0.6118624210357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92746544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585184","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","level":3,"score":0.6077395677566528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177918212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q803623","display_name":"Perturbation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.49225226044654846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.46409788727760315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.43362146615982056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.42392444610595703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4152058959007263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.28894516825675964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14742505550384521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12428885698318481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11190779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664575","display_name":"Inverter","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12020244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12020244","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/2/244/pdf?version=1582959945","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9c2f6ca54dac4fd3bd3ec40dd8b02a9d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9c2f6ca54dac4fd3bd3ec40dd8b02a9d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 12, Iss 2, p 244 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/12/2/244/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12020244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12020244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12020244","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/2/244/pdf?version=1582959945","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1411348411","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61741303","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4386038308","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 61741303","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3004723443.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3004723443.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515359950","https://openalex.org/W1977151122","https://openalex.org/W2056591999","https://openalex.org/W2056935551","https://openalex.org/W2086594911","https://openalex.org/W2099486275","https://openalex.org/W2109490242","https://openalex.org/W2134635139","https://openalex.org/W2136982937","https://openalex.org/W2139722706","https://openalex.org/W2323829980","https://openalex.org/W2348901068","https://openalex.org/W2358675148","https://openalex.org/W2368809441","https://openalex.org/W2375191656","https://openalex.org/W2531427465","https://openalex.org/W2596114269","https://openalex.org/W2741543503","https://openalex.org/W2750654314","https://openalex.org/W2793247630","https://openalex.org/W2803838257","https://openalex.org/W2907818681","https://openalex.org/W2910961748","https://openalex.org/W2912497790","https://openalex.org/W3148958314","https://openalex.org/W6987595377"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2290996769","https://openalex.org/W2097725229","https://openalex.org/W1977060113","https://openalex.org/W4281622623","https://openalex.org/W2527993489","https://openalex.org/W2184772563","https://openalex.org/W4389401330","https://openalex.org/W2374101854","https://openalex.org/W2379240244","https://openalex.org/W2033390848"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"photovoltaic":[1,66,131],"power":[2,22,127,216],"supply":[3],"with":[4,36,133,154,199],"a":[5,20,37,155,204],"simple":[6],"structure":[7],"and":[8,32,52,54,65,119,163,174,181,210,214],"high":[9],"tracking":[10,24,165,206],"efficiency":[11],"is":[12,41,73,97,144],"needed":[13],"in":[14,89],"self-powered,":[15],"wireless":[16],"sensor":[17],"networks.":[18],"First,":[19],"maximum":[21,126],"point":[23,128],"(MPPT)":[25],"algorithm,":[26],"including":[27],"the":[28,45,60,71,75,90,94,101,108,111,115,120,125,130,134,138,151,168,196],"load":[29,47,63],"current":[30,48,64,69,117,122],"maximization-perturbation":[31],"observation":[33,55],"(LCM-P&amp;O)":[34],"methods,":[35],"fixed":[38],"step":[39,103,140,157,201],"size,":[40,158],"proposed":[42],"by":[43,99],"integrating":[44],"traditional":[46],"maximization":[49],"(LCM)":[50],"method":[51,198],"perturbation":[53,143],"(P&amp;O)":[56],"method.":[57],"By":[58,106],"sampling":[59],"changes":[61],"of":[62,114,129],"cell":[67,132],"input":[68,180],"once":[70],"disturbance":[72],"applied,":[74],"pulse":[76],"width":[77],"modulation":[78],"(PWM)":[79],"regulation":[80],"mode,":[81],"i.e.,":[82],"increasing":[83],"or":[84],"reducing,":[85],"can":[86],"be":[87],"determined":[88],"next":[91],"process.":[92],"Then,":[93],"above":[95],"algorithm":[96],"improved":[98],"using":[100],"variable":[102,139,156,200],"size":[104,141,202],"strategy.":[105],"comparing":[107],"difference":[109],"between":[110],"absolute":[112],"value":[113,118,123],"observed":[116],"theoretical":[121],"at":[124],"set":[135],"threshold":[136],"value,":[137],"for":[142],"determined.":[145],"MATLAB":[146],"simulation":[147],"results":[148,193],"show":[149,194],"that":[150,195],"LCM-P&amp;O":[152,197],"method,":[153],"has":[159,203,211],"faster":[160],"convergence":[161],"speed":[162],"higher":[164,205,212],"accuracy.":[166],"Finally,":[167],"two":[169],"MPPT":[170],"algorithms":[171],"are":[172],"tested":[173],"analyzed":[175],"under":[176],"constant":[177],"voltage":[178],"source":[179],"indoor":[182],"fluorescent":[183],"lamp":[184],"illumination":[185],"through":[186],"an":[187],"actual":[188],"circuit,":[189],"respectively.":[190],"The":[191],"experimental":[192],"efficiency,":[207],"about":[208],"90%\u201392%,":[209],"stability":[213],"lower":[215],"consumption.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2020-02-14T00:00:00"}
