{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3005279892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12020236","title":"Lack of Correlation between Facial Sexual Dimorphism, Fluctuating Asymmetry and Self-Perceived Attractiveness in Men and Women","display_name":"Lack of Correlation between Facial Sexual Dimorphism, Fluctuating Asymmetry and Self-Perceived Attractiveness in Men and Women","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3005279892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12020236","mag":"3005279892"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12020236","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12020236","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/2/236/pdf?version=1583064478","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/2/236/pdf?version=1583064478","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058296994","display_name":"Stefan Van Dongen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7998-4871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Van Dongen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Evolutionary Ecology Group, Biology Department, Antwerp University, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Evolutionary Ecology Group, Biology Department, Antwerp University, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056845204","display_name":"Omid Ekrami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6135-8693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omid Ekrami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Evolutionary Ecology Group, Biology Department, Antwerp University, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Evolutionary Ecology Group, Biology Department, Antwerp University, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054286392","display_name":"Peter Claes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9489-9819"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800231306","display_name":"Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/0424bsv16","country_code":"BE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800231306"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Claes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium","Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium","Medical Imaging Research Center, Universitair Ziekenhuis Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Research Center, Universitair Ziekenhuis Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800231306"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058296994"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.7107,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72581363,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"236","last_page":"236"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12417","display_name":"Morphological variations and asymmetry","score":0.9383000135421753,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2608","display_name":"Geometry and Topology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12663","display_name":"Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies","score":0.9043999910354614,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluctuating-asymmetry","display_name":"Fluctuating asymmetry","score":0.9417519569396973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sexual-dimorphism","display_name":"Sexual dimorphism","score":0.8306546211242676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attractiveness","display_name":"Attractiveness","score":0.7632675170898438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sexual-selection","display_name":"Sexual selection","score":0.6208243370056152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asymmetry","display_name":"Asymmetry","score":0.6155683994293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-symmetry","display_name":"Facial symmetry","score":0.6067667603492737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation","display_name":"Correlation","score":0.5351380705833435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5327425599098206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/masculinity","display_name":"Masculinity","score":0.5265747904777527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dominance","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","score":0.48963338136672974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.43332213163375854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.4234703779220581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-biology","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","score":0.3683313727378845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.3363202214241028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.26991569995880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zoology","display_name":"Zoology","score":0.2087438702583313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12560710310935974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetics","display_name":"Genetics","score":0.07551783323287964}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102790218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5462619","display_name":"Fluctuating asymmetry","level":2,"score":0.9417519569396973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105083479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181497","display_name":"Sexual dimorphism","level":2,"score":0.8306546211242676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31173074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2632514","display_name":"Attractiveness","level":2,"score":0.7632675170898438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130981225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206913","display_name":"Sexual selection","level":2,"score":0.6208243370056152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38976095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752641","display_name":"Asymmetry","level":2,"score":0.6155683994293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178195510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013040","display_name":"Facial symmetry","level":2,"score":0.6067667603492737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.5351380705833435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5327425599098206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779103072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076509","display_name":"Masculinity","level":2,"score":0.5265747904777527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151913843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454555","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.48963338136672974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.43332213163375854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.4234703779220581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.3683313727378845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3363202214241028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.26991569995880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.2087438702583313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12560710310935974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.07551783323287964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12020236","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12020236","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/2/236/pdf?version=1583064478","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:123456789/649484","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/649484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, vol. 12 (2), Art.No. 236","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:c:irua:167920","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10067/1679200151162165141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401849","display_name":"Institutional Repository University of Antwerp (University of Antwerp)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","host_organization_name":"University of Antwerp","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0a1f17657c3b49a78ee55b12cd0b3da1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0a1f17657c3b49a78ee55b12cd0b3da1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 12, Iss 2, p 236 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12020236","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12020236","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/2/236/pdf?version=1583064478","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3005279892.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3005279892.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005194803","https://openalex.org/W2029573052","https://openalex.org/W2036521231","https://openalex.org/W2044113422","https://openalex.org/W2053732358","https://openalex.org/W2066755236","https://openalex.org/W2073356471","https://openalex.org/W2135244640","https://openalex.org/W2297753151","https://openalex.org/W2529717980","https://openalex.org/W2796088124","https://openalex.org/W2905944778","https://openalex.org/W2909298585","https://openalex.org/W4388360886","https://openalex.org/W6858545867"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2107422672","https://openalex.org/W2106169229","https://openalex.org/W4210971940","https://openalex.org/W2143290368","https://openalex.org/W4210428113","https://openalex.org/W2048192044","https://openalex.org/W2151350123","https://openalex.org/W3026480614","https://openalex.org/W2908563237","https://openalex.org/W2058893260"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0],"morphological":[1],"sexual":[2],"dimorphism":[3],"and":[4,14,31,62,100,108],"fluctuating":[5,109],"asymmetry":[6,110],"have":[7],"been":[8],"suggested":[9],"to":[10,18,23,59],"signal":[11],"\u2018individual":[12],"quality\u2019":[13],"are":[15,92],"therefore":[16],"expected":[17],"covary":[19],"as":[20,22,111],"well":[21],"correlate":[24],"with":[25,95],"surrogate":[26],"fitness/quality":[27],"measures":[28],"like":[29],"attractiveness":[30],"dominance.":[32],"While":[33],"some":[34],"case":[35],"studies":[36],"indeed":[37],"found":[38],"support":[39],"for":[40],"these":[41,81],"hypotheses,":[42],"the":[43,74,104],"overall":[44],"evidence":[45],"is":[46],"not":[47],"overwhelming.":[48],"However,":[49],"most":[50],"previous":[51],"research":[52],"used":[53],"a":[54],"limited":[55],"number":[56],"of":[57,80,97,106,113],"landmarks":[58],"quantify":[60],"masculinity":[61,107],"asymmetry.":[63],"We":[64],"here":[65],"present":[66],"results":[67,91],"based":[68],"on":[69,103],"high-density":[70],"3D":[71],"scans":[72],"covering":[73],"entire":[75],"facial":[76],"area.":[77],"In":[78],"spite":[79],"more":[82],"detailed":[83],"measurements,":[84],"no":[85],"significant":[86],"associations":[87],"were":[88],"detected.":[89],"These":[90],"in":[93],"line":[94],"conclusions":[96],"recent":[98],"meta-analyses":[99],"cast":[101],"doubt":[102],"role":[105],"signals":[112],"(genetic)":[114],"quality.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}