{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2999236248","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12010137","title":"Forgery Detection and Localization of Modifications at the Pixel Level","display_name":"Forgery Detection and Localization of Modifications at the Pixel Level","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2999236248","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12010137","mag":"2999236248"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12010137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12010137","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/1/137/pdf?version=1579425238","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/1/137/pdf?version=1579425238","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044352783","display_name":"Sahib Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9385-7596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sahib Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023881021","display_name":"Khalil Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0864-5255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146840658","display_name":"University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir","ror":"https://ror.org/015566d55","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146840658"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalil Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146840658"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028787159","display_name":"Farman Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9420-1588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farman Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049374079","display_name":"Kyung Sup Kwak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9559-4352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191879574","display_name":"Inha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01easw929","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kyung-Sup Kwak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044352783","https://openalex.org/A5049374079"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856","https://openalex.org/I191879574"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.7851,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73432034,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"137","last_page":"137"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.965499997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.9333098530769348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/column","display_name":"Column (typography)","score":0.7332862615585327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature","display_name":"Digital signature","score":0.6134558916091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-image","display_name":"Digital image","score":0.5769212245941162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.479951411485672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4783836603164673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4783306121826172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.47359445691108704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43386995792388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4258754849433899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/least-significant-bit","display_name":"Least significant bit","score":0.4106995165348053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.393149733543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.39280033111572266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.22300785779953003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.06379762291908264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.05316716432571411}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.9333098530769348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780551164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2306599","display_name":"Column (typography)","level":3,"score":0.7332862615585327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.6134558916091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42781572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1250322","display_name":"Digital image","level":4,"score":0.5769212245941162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.479951411485672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4783836603164673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4783306121826172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.47359445691108704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43386995792388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4258754849433899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4305246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3885225","display_name":"Least significant bit","level":2,"score":0.4106995165348053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.393149733543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39280033111572266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.22300785779953003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.06379762291908264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.05316716432571411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13355873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920850","display_name":"Connection (principal bundle)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12010137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12010137","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/1/137/pdf?version=1579425238","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b7715e6d936442018a2d9a04cbb78de2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b7715e6d936442018a2d9a04cbb78de2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 12, Iss 1, p 137 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/12/1/137/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12010137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12010137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12010137","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/1/137/pdf?version=1579425238","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4185418061","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2020R1A2B5B02002478","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4434410975","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2020R1A2B5B02002478","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7685055460","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G938911115","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020R1A2B5B02002478","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2999236248.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2999236248.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W200526583","https://openalex.org/W1515615411","https://openalex.org/W1550814660","https://openalex.org/W1590954115","https://openalex.org/W1706445894","https://openalex.org/W1901820255","https://openalex.org/W1957293065","https://openalex.org/W1964401983","https://openalex.org/W1983586459","https://openalex.org/W1995501514","https://openalex.org/W1998106782","https://openalex.org/W2007994968","https://openalex.org/W2009437133","https://openalex.org/W2022436565","https://openalex.org/W2024547806","https://openalex.org/W2043638304","https://openalex.org/W2049460391","https://openalex.org/W2062503914","https://openalex.org/W2068575457","https://openalex.org/W2081698350","https://openalex.org/W2087935622","https://openalex.org/W2093512257","https://openalex.org/W2115707751","https://openalex.org/W2117500881","https://openalex.org/W2118779391","https://openalex.org/W2124695272","https://openalex.org/W2136492908","https://openalex.org/W2145015841","https://openalex.org/W2155319953","https://openalex.org/W2158071928","https://openalex.org/W2161045847","https://openalex.org/W2162192649","https://openalex.org/W2168573702","https://openalex.org/W2170343586","https://openalex.org/W2185701527","https://openalex.org/W2245136303","https://openalex.org/W2332550063","https://openalex.org/W2547589364","https://openalex.org/W2736138142","https://openalex.org/W2798644114","https://openalex.org/W2938257713","https://openalex.org/W2955687071","https://openalex.org/W3023896661","https://openalex.org/W3137415518","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6684891004","https://openalex.org/W6686384028","https://openalex.org/W6702672543","https://openalex.org/W6791849576","https://openalex.org/W7029040337"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2181446147","https://openalex.org/W2303580201","https://openalex.org/W828573108","https://openalex.org/W2902286438","https://openalex.org/W2343732178","https://openalex.org/W2962875264","https://openalex.org/W4235108210","https://openalex.org/W4403764955","https://openalex.org/W2794204085","https://openalex.org/W2964129447"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"present":[4],"a":[5,36,108,200],"new":[6],"technique":[7,14,157,183,194],"of":[8,24,28,41,54,65,95,107,116,123,132,171,175],"image":[9,56,97],"forgery":[10],"detection.":[11],"The":[12,33,88,138,152,181,193],"proposed":[13,182],"uses":[15],"digital":[16,48,117,130,139,164],"signatures":[17,131,140],"embedded":[18],"in":[19,38,90,113,166,190,199],"the":[20,25,39,47,55,63,74,77,114,120,129,133,144,162,167,172,176,187],"least":[21,153,168],"significant":[22,154,169],"bits":[23,155,170],"selected":[26,173],"pixels":[27,42,66,78,89,106,124,174],"each":[29,91],"row":[30,51,68,92,109,135,178],"and":[31,45,52,76,85,93,119],"column.":[32,137,180],"process":[34],"maintains":[35],"symmetry":[37],"use":[40],"for":[43,72,80,127,160],"computing":[44,73],"hiding":[46],"signatures.":[49],"Each":[50],"column":[53,70,94,111],"symmetrically":[57],"contributes":[58],"to":[59],"both":[60],"processes,":[61],"with":[62],"number":[64],"per":[67],"or":[69,110,136,179,202],"used":[71,79,112,126,159],"signature,":[75],"embedding":[81,128,161],"are":[82,86,98,141],"not":[83],"equal":[84],"asymmetric.":[87],"an":[96,191],"divided":[99],"into":[100],"two":[101],"groups.":[102],"One":[103],"group":[104,122],"contains":[105],"calculation":[115],"signatures,":[118],"second":[121],"is":[125,158],"respective":[134],"computed":[142,163],"using":[143],"hash":[145],"algorithm,":[146],"e.g.,":[147],"message":[148],"digest":[149],"five":[150],"(MD5).":[151],"substitution":[156],"signature":[165],"corresponding":[177],"can":[184],"successfully":[185],"detect":[186],"modification":[188,198],"made":[189],"image.":[192],"detects":[195],"pixel":[196],"level":[197],"single":[201],"multiple":[203],"pixels.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
