{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2994160805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11121493","title":"Handcrafted versus CNN Features for Ear Recognition","display_name":"Handcrafted versus CNN Features for Ear Recognition","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2994160805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11121493","mag":"2994160805"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym11121493","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11121493","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/12/1493/pdf?version=1576318165","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/12/1493/pdf?version=1576318165","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035598584","display_name":"Hammam Alshazly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9942-8642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189575948","display_name":"South Valley University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jxshx33","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189575948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9341345","display_name":"University of L\u00fcbeck","ror":"https://ror.org/00t3r8h32","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}],"countries":["DE","EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hammam Alshazly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Neuro- and Bioinformatics, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany","Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9942-8642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neuro- and Bioinformatics, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189575948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053236067","display_name":"Christoph Linse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7039-5189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9341345","display_name":"University of L\u00fcbeck","ror":"https://ror.org/00t3r8h32","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Linse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Neuro- and Bioinformatics, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7039-5189","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neuro- and Bioinformatics, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021756032","display_name":"Erhardt Barth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8556-2472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9341345","display_name":"University of L\u00fcbeck","ror":"https://ror.org/00t3r8h32","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erhardt Barth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Neuro- and Bioinformatics, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neuro- and Bioinformatics, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014856404","display_name":"Thomas Martinetz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4539-4475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9341345","display_name":"University of L\u00fcbeck","ror":"https://ror.org/00t3r8h32","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Martinetz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Neuro- and Bioinformatics, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neuro- and Bioinformatics, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035598584"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189575948","https://openalex.org/I9341345"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":5.4193,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":65,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96510152,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"12","first_page":"1493","last_page":"1493"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11866","display_name":"Reconstructive Facial Surgery Techniques","score":0.9714999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8427063226699829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7037137150764465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6354979276657104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.618862509727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5756881833076477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.5738300085067749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.5302129983901978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4961877465248108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4899384379386902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.45301324129104614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.34103190898895264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3384360074996948}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8427063226699829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7037137150764465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6354979276657104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.618862509727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5756881833076477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.5738300085067749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.5302129983901978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4961877465248108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4899384379386902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.45301324129104614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34103190898895264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3384360074996948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym11121493","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11121493","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/12/1493/pdf?version=1576318165","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/11/12/1493/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11121493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym11121493","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11121493","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/12/1493/pdf?version=1576318165","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1499993285","https://openalex.org/W1502160187","https://openalex.org/W1541033069","https://openalex.org/W1581687315","https://openalex.org/W1598866093","https://openalex.org/W1607979445","https://openalex.org/W1649885719","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1865963168","https://openalex.org/W1881950329","https://openalex.org/W2004085376","https://openalex.org/W2034568153","https://openalex.org/W2039051707","https://openalex.org/W2060895903","https://openalex.org/W2062118960","https://openalex.org/W2090372777","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2096350233","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2113366599","https://openalex.org/W2124005670","https://openalex.org/W2147141800","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2149933564","https://openalex.org/W2153530718","https://openalex.org/W2155541015","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2170415971","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2274287116","https://openalex.org/W2321462649","https://openalex.org/W2327732518","https://openalex.org/W2402404238","https://openalex.org/W2514810124","https://openalex.org/W2520978572","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2551082533","https://openalex.org/W2589022306","https://openalex.org/W2591924527","https://openalex.org/W2621367454","https://openalex.org/W2730497260","https://openalex.org/W2734663976","https://openalex.org/W2737660740","https://openalex.org/W2745633969","https://openalex.org/W2770777404","https://openalex.org/W2777157629","https://openalex.org/W2791769710","https://openalex.org/W2794811744","https://openalex.org/W2804800999","https://openalex.org/W2804935296","https://openalex.org/W2881789322","https://openalex.org/W2889284520","https://openalex.org/W2890496367","https://openalex.org/W2895160458","https://openalex.org/W2899625073","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2949117887","https://openalex.org/W2949667497","https://openalex.org/W2953391683","https://openalex.org/W2962843773","https://openalex.org/W2963049950","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964247301","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2976365704","https://openalex.org/W2990220148","https://openalex.org/W3006425815","https://openalex.org/W3105744362","https://openalex.org/W6630005630","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6683411478","https://openalex.org/W6685088853","https://openalex.org/W6701455358","https://openalex.org/W7043069050"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076845124","https://openalex.org/W2183964146","https://openalex.org/W2379932303","https://openalex.org/W2095239294","https://openalex.org/W3147744369","https://openalex.org/W2062586268","https://openalex.org/W2019582947","https://openalex.org/W3212688212","https://openalex.org/W4300873085","https://openalex.org/W4300552992"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ear":[0],"recognition":[1,24,76,106,114],"is":[2,47,78],"an":[3],"active":[4],"research":[5,77],"area":[6],"in":[7,61,70],"the":[8,12,36,40,48,52,59,68,71,90,99,133,146,165,176,180,189,195,201,210,222,225,231,238,247],"biometrics":[9],"community":[10],"with":[11,67,117,125],"ultimate":[13],"goal":[14],"to":[15,58,65,92,98,131,149,220],"recognize":[16],"individuals":[17],"effectively":[18],"from":[19],"ear":[20,23,75,113,135,173],"images.":[21,73],"Traditional":[22],"methods":[25,56],"based":[26,159,182],"on":[27,145,171,234],"handcrafted":[28,118,129,196],"features":[29,64,81,96,137,148,199,213],"and":[30,103,111,119,138,197,209,227,230],"conventional":[31],"machine":[32],"learning":[33],"classifiers":[34],"were":[35],"prominent":[37],"techniques":[38],"during":[39],"last":[41],"two":[42,235],"decades.":[43],"Arguably,":[44],"feature":[45],"extraction":[46],"crucial":[49],"phase":[50],"for":[51],"success":[53],"of":[54,164,179,194,212,224,240,244,253],"these":[55],"due":[57],"difficulty":[60],"designing":[62],"robust":[63,97],"cope":[66],"variations":[69,102],"given":[72],"Currently,":[74],"shifting":[79],"towards":[80],"extracted":[82,147],"by":[83,184],"Convolutional":[84],"Neural":[85],"Networks":[86],"(CNNs),":[87],"which":[88],"have":[89],"ability":[91],"learn":[93,150],"more":[94],"specific":[95],"wide":[100],"image":[101,136],"achieving":[104],"state-of-the-art":[105],"performance.":[107],"This":[108],"paper":[109],"presents":[110],"compares":[112],"models":[115,160,183],"built":[116],"CNN":[120,158,181,198],"features.":[121],"First,":[122],"we":[123,155,191,217],"experiment":[124],"seven":[126],"top":[127],"performing":[128],"descriptors":[130],"extract":[132],"discriminating":[134],"then":[139],"train":[140],"Support":[141],"Vector":[142],"Machines":[143],"(SVMs)":[144],"a":[151,162,241,250],"suitable":[152],"model.":[153],"Second,":[154],"introduce":[156],"four":[157],"using":[161,200],"variant":[163],"AlexNet":[166],"architecture.":[167],"The":[168],"experimental":[169],"results":[170,233],"three":[172],"datasets":[174,236],"show":[175],"superior":[177],"performance":[178],"22%.":[185],"To":[186],"further":[187],"substantiate":[188],"comparison,":[190],"perform":[192],"visualization":[193,207],"t-distributed":[202],"Stochastic":[203],"Neighboring":[204],"Embedding":[205],"(t-SNE)":[206],"technique":[208],"characteristics":[211],"are":[214],"discussed.":[215],"Moreover,":[216],"conduct":[218],"experiments":[219],"investigate":[221],"symmetry":[223,245],"left":[226],"right":[228],"ears":[229],"obtained":[232],"indicate":[237],"existence":[239],"high":[242],"degree":[243,252],"between":[246],"ears,":[248],"while":[249],"fair":[251],"asymmetry":[254],"also":[255],"exists.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}