{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2970876865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11091080","title":"MILDMS: Multiple Instance Learning via DD Constraint and Multiple Part Similarity","display_name":"MILDMS: Multiple Instance Learning via DD Constraint and Multiple Part Similarity","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2970876865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11091080","mag":"2970876865"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym11091080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11091080","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/9/1080/pdf?version=1566994203","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/9/1080/pdf?version=1566994203","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062334162","display_name":"Chao Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3292-6647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chao Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Intelligent Interaction and Information Art, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China","Research Center for Intelligent Interaction and Information Art, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3292-6647","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Intelligent Interaction and Information Art, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Intelligent Interaction and Information Art, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100653198","display_name":"Zhan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3167-2718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Intelligent Interaction and Information Art, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China","School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China","School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China","Research Center for Intelligent Interaction and Information Art, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Intelligent Interaction and Information Art, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Intelligent Interaction and Information Art, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064645579","display_name":"Jian Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1658-5088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Intelligent Interaction and Information Art, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China","Research Center for Intelligent Interaction and Information Art, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Intelligent Interaction and Information Art, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Intelligent Interaction and Information Art, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012230527","display_name":"Qingchen Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingchen Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China","School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103221123","display_name":"Aiping Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3335-0093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aiping Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China","School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062334162","https://openalex.org/A5100653198"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.0993,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.43193419,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"9","first_page":"1080","last_page":"1080"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11439","display_name":"Video Analysis and Summarization","score":0.9731000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6681786179542542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.667298436164856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5484930276870728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5435764789581299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pascal","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","score":0.5375800728797913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.43235665559768677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.4303806722164154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43012702465057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generality","display_name":"Generality","score":0.41125404834747314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37561991810798645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22186905145645142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.07319965958595276}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6681786179542542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.667298436164856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5484930276870728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5435764789581299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75608658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44395","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5375800728797913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.43235665559768677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.4303806722164154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43012702465057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780767217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532421","display_name":"Generality","level":2,"score":0.41125404834747314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37561991810798645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22186905145645142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.07319965958595276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym11091080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11091080","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/9/1080/pdf?version=1566994203","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c8850bb4b5be496ba9d3d4a2c40bd6d6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c8850bb4b5be496ba9d3d4a2c40bd6d6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 11, Iss 9, p 1080 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/11/9/1080/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11091080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym11091080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11091080","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/9/1080/pdf?version=1566994203","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1115075005","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014M552479","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3789322099","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2013JK1181","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325627","funder_display_name":"Education Department of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5280380371","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014M552479, 2014M552478","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5396717386","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014JK1724","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325627","funder_display_name":"Education Department of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8445199030","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014M552478","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv9t934"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325627","display_name":"Education Department of Shaanxi Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2970876865.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2970876865.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7724241","https://openalex.org/W1535599202","https://openalex.org/W1550821944","https://openalex.org/W1938425378","https://openalex.org/W1971573770","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2066907472","https://openalex.org/W2078579128","https://openalex.org/W2087544334","https://openalex.org/W2098166271","https://openalex.org/W2098239572","https://openalex.org/W2108745803","https://openalex.org/W2110119381","https://openalex.org/W2127608660","https://openalex.org/W2133288557","https://openalex.org/W2136595724","https://openalex.org/W2143668817","https://openalex.org/W2148554573","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2156053569","https://openalex.org/W2435338979","https://openalex.org/W2531897166","https://openalex.org/W2575234791","https://openalex.org/W2728236551","https://openalex.org/W2741752675","https://openalex.org/W2758333383","https://openalex.org/W2768386413","https://openalex.org/W2781712876","https://openalex.org/W2785934082","https://openalex.org/W2786524046","https://openalex.org/W2887387465","https://openalex.org/W2904105652","https://openalex.org/W2951604549","https://openalex.org/W3005890292","https://openalex.org/W6631929218","https://openalex.org/W6633127331","https://openalex.org/W6680240620","https://openalex.org/W6718488237"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045049461","https://openalex.org/W1978893398","https://openalex.org/W2201908702","https://openalex.org/W4381094582","https://openalex.org/W2369625323","https://openalex.org/W2364579609","https://openalex.org/W2493838176","https://openalex.org/W4297686120","https://openalex.org/W2166914737","https://openalex.org/W4250855161"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"a":[1,11,15,55,80],"subject":[2],"area":[3],"of":[4,14,36,44],"symmetry,":[5],"multiple":[6,61,67,120],"instance":[7,68,88],"learning":[8,18],"(MIL)":[9],"is":[10,23,147],"special":[12],"form":[13],"weakly":[16],"supervised":[17],"problem":[19],"where":[20],"the":[21,26,29,40,75,94,103,109,130,134,163,178],"label":[22,42,97],"related":[24],"to":[25,96,123,149],"bag,":[27],"not":[28],"instances":[30,107],"contained":[31],"in":[32,39,50,108],"it.":[33],"The":[34],"difficulty":[35],"MIL":[37,126,151,183,187],"lies":[38],"incomplete":[41],"information":[43],"instances.":[45],"To":[46,153],"resolve":[47],"this":[48,51],"problem,":[49],"paper,":[52],"we":[53,73,101,157],"propose":[54],"novel":[56],"diverse":[57],"density":[58],"(DD)":[59],"and":[60,86,105,114,141,167,170,172,184],"part":[62,121],"similarity":[63],"combination":[64],"method":[65,146],"for":[66],"learning,":[69],"named":[70],"MILDMS.":[71],"First,":[72],"model":[74],"target":[76],"concepts":[77],"optimization":[78],"with":[79,119],"DD":[81],"function":[82],"constraint":[83],"on":[84,133,162],"positive":[85,104],"negative":[87,106],"space,":[89],"which":[90],"can":[91],"greatly":[92],"improve":[93],"robustness":[95],"noise":[98],"problem.":[99],"Next,":[100],"combine":[102],"bag":[110],"(generated":[111],"by":[112],"hand-crafted":[113],"convolutional":[115],"neural":[116],"network":[117],"features)":[118],"similarities":[122],"construct":[124],"an":[125],"kernel.":[127],"We":[128],"evaluate":[129],"proposed":[131],"approach":[132],"MUSK":[135],"dataset,":[136],"whose":[137],"results":[138,161],"MUSK1":[139],"(91.9%)":[140],"MUSK2":[142],"(92.2%)":[143],"show":[144],"our":[145],"comparable":[148],"other":[150,185],"algorithms.":[152,188],"further":[154],"demonstrate":[155],"generality,":[156],"also":[158],"present":[159],"experimental":[160],"PASCAL":[164],"VOC":[165],"2007":[166],"2012":[168],"(46.5%":[169],"42.2%)":[171],"COREL":[173],"(78.6%)":[174],"that":[175],"significantly":[176],"outperforms":[177],"state-of-the-art":[179],"algorithms":[180],"including":[181],"deep":[182],"non-deep":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}