{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2965579665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11080979","title":"A Novel Dissimilarity of Activity Biomarker and Functional Connectivity Analysis for the Epilepsy Diagnosis","display_name":"A Novel Dissimilarity of Activity Biomarker and Functional Connectivity Analysis for the Epilepsy Diagnosis","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2965579665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11080979","mag":"2965579665"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym11080979","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11080979","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/8/979/pdf?version=1564725324","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/8/979/pdf?version=1564725324","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100751622","display_name":"A. Basit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8631-194X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102737","display_name":"Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0161dyt30","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Basit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology (KFUEIT), Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology (KFUEIT), Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045279599","display_name":"Saqib Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6101-0892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102737","display_name":"Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0161dyt30","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saqib Ali Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology (KFUEIT), Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6101-0892","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology (KFUEIT), Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054744034","display_name":"Waqas Tariq Toor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0223-2019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102737","display_name":"Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0161dyt30","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waqas Tariq Toor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology (KFUEIT), Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0223-2019","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology (KFUEIT), Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036989247","display_name":"Naeem Maroof","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9654-8123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099699","display_name":"University of Jeddah","ror":"https://ror.org/015ya8798","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102737","display_name":"Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0161dyt30","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}],"countries":["PK","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naeem Maroof","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology (KFUEIT), Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan","Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Jeddah, Asfan Road, Jeddah 23891, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology (KFUEIT), Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Jeddah, Asfan Road, Jeddah 23891, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035372534","display_name":"Muhammad Saadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7901-7435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192392021","display_name":"University of Central Punjab","ror":"https://ror.org/04g0mqe67","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192392021"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Saadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192392021"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068731764","display_name":"Atif Ali Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6006-2620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atif Ali Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, and Institute of Genomics and Systems Biology, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6006-2620","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, and Institute of Genomics and Systems Biology, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035372534"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192392021"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.212,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50097514,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"8","first_page":"979","last_page":"979"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10378","display_name":"Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11304","display_name":"Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7703421115875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6691569089889526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6217418909072876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.5563640594482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5240545272827148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomarker","display_name":"Biomarker","score":0.5096654891967773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomarker-discovery","display_name":"Biomarker discovery","score":0.49627238512039185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.48997846245765686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epilepsy","display_name":"Epilepsy","score":0.46020975708961487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4236932098865509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.24523258209228516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.09101799130439758}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7703421115875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6691569089889526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6217418909072876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779226451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903809","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.5563640594482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5240545272827148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.5096654891967773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124535831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915074","display_name":"Biomarker discovery","level":4,"score":0.49627238512039185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.48997846245765686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778186239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41571","display_name":"Epilepsy","level":2,"score":0.46020975708961487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4236932098865509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.24523258209228516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.09101799130439758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46111723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471857","display_name":"Proteomics","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym11080979","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11080979","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/8/979/pdf?version=1564725324","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6dc2e2fd21794494b271915d7e66d144","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6dc2e2fd21794494b271915d7e66d144","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 11, Iss 8, p 979 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/11/8/979/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11080979","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym11080979","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11080979","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/8/979/pdf?version=1564725324","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2965579665.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4474667","https://openalex.org/W1973415026","https://openalex.org/W1982373145","https://openalex.org/W1985870495","https://openalex.org/W1996528033","https://openalex.org/W2005321445","https://openalex.org/W2007213925","https://openalex.org/W2018771838","https://openalex.org/W2024665862","https://openalex.org/W2026535637","https://openalex.org/W2038068904","https://openalex.org/W2042955620","https://openalex.org/W2044697872","https://openalex.org/W2051442296","https://openalex.org/W2057550180","https://openalex.org/W2058046532","https://openalex.org/W2065331648","https://openalex.org/W2072522618","https://openalex.org/W2080847728","https://openalex.org/W2099380913","https://openalex.org/W2113436583","https://openalex.org/W2125092459","https://openalex.org/W2127888717","https://openalex.org/W2130671706","https://openalex.org/W2131165483","https://openalex.org/W2132692319","https://openalex.org/W2138576397","https://openalex.org/W2143826137","https://openalex.org/W2148340534","https://openalex.org/W2167758534","https://openalex.org/W2168372372","https://openalex.org/W2418022413","https://openalex.org/W2626415205","https://openalex.org/W2787779804","https://openalex.org/W2900970314","https://openalex.org/W6601159977","https://openalex.org/W6717001062"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W112583468","https://openalex.org/W96119380","https://openalex.org/W3023706879","https://openalex.org/W4298030740","https://openalex.org/W4404588215","https://openalex.org/W2108949684","https://openalex.org/W4246773350","https://openalex.org/W1965976436","https://openalex.org/W2012655824","https://openalex.org/W3177170977"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Epilepsy":[0],"is":[1,23,43,107,114],"a":[2,59,66,82,103,187],"central":[3],"nervous":[4],"system":[5],"disorder":[6],"that":[7,32,49,106,125,193],"results":[8,207],"in":[9,129,138,144,168,214],"asymmetries":[10,137,156],"of":[11,20,29,35,45,90,109,119,177,211,227,236,248],"brain":[12],"regional":[13],"activation":[14,160],"and":[15,26,93,159,200,231,239],"connectivity":[16,158,165,175],"patterns.":[17],"The":[18,111],"detection":[19],"these":[21,181],"abnormalities":[22,143],"oftentimes":[24],"challenging":[25],"requires":[27],"identification":[28],"robust":[30],"bio-markers":[31],"are":[33,243],"representative":[34],"disease":[36,216],"activity.":[37],"Functional":[38],"Magnetic":[39],"Resonance":[40],"Imaging":[41],"(fMRI)":[42],"one":[44],"the":[46,126,178,209,221,225,234,246],"several":[47],"methods":[48,72,213,242],"can":[50,132],"be":[51,133],"used":[52,134,163,184],"to":[53,101,135,153,172,185,196],"detect":[54],"such":[55],"bio-markers.":[56],"fMRI":[57,87],"has":[58],"high":[60],"spatial":[61],"resolution":[62],"which":[63],"makes":[64],"it":[65],"suitable":[67],"candidate":[68],"for":[69,73,85],"designing":[70],"computational":[71,83,241],"computer-aided":[74,212,249],"biomarker":[75],"discovery.":[76],"In":[77,151],"this":[78,130],"paper,":[79],"we":[80,162],"present":[81],"framework":[84],"analyzing":[86],"data":[88],"consisting":[89],"100":[91],"epileptic":[92,201],"80":[94],"healthy":[95,199],"patients,":[96],"with":[97,170,203],"an":[98],"overall":[99],"goal":[100],"produce":[102],"novel":[104],"bio-marker":[105,127],"predictive":[108],"epilepsy.":[110],"proposed":[112],"method":[113],"primarily":[115],"based":[116],"on":[117],"Dissimilarity":[118],"Activity":[120],"(DoA)":[121],"analysis.":[122],"We":[123],"demonstrate":[124,208],"presented":[128],"study":[131],"capture":[136],"activities":[139],"by":[140,218],"detecting":[141],"any":[142],"Blood":[145],"Oxygenated":[146],"Level":[147],"Dependent":[148],"(BOLD)":[149],"signal.":[150],"order":[152],"represent":[154],"all":[155,228],"(of":[157],"patterns),":[161],"functional":[164],"analysis":[166],"(FCA)":[167],"conjunction":[169],"DoA":[171],"find":[173],"underlying":[174],"patterns":[176],"regions.":[179],"Subsequently,":[180],"biomarkers":[182],"were":[183],"train":[186],"Support":[188],"Vector":[189],"Machine":[190],"(SVM)":[191],"classifier":[192],"was":[194],"able":[195],"distinguish":[197],"between":[198],"patients":[202],"87.8%":[204],"accuracy.":[205],"These":[206],"applicability":[210],"complex":[215],"diagnosis":[217],"simply":[219],"utilizing":[220],"existing":[222],"data.":[223],"With":[224],"advent":[226],"modern":[229],"sensing":[230],"imaging":[232],"techniques,":[233],"use":[235],"intelligent":[237],"algorithms":[238],"advanced":[240],"increasingly":[244],"becoming":[245],"future":[247],"diagnosis.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}