{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2912145371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11020222","title":"EasyStego: Robust Steganography Based on Quick-Response Barcodes for Crossing Domains","display_name":"EasyStego: Robust Steganography Based on Quick-Response Barcodes for Crossing Domains","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2912145371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11020222","mag":"2912145371"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym11020222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11020222","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/2/222/pdf?version=1550131468","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/2/222/pdf?version=1550131468","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046175931","display_name":"Zhenhao Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2266-1064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhenhao Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100617974","display_name":"Wei Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1667-4995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100612196","display_name":"Baosheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2272-9623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baosheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100643164","display_name":"Yong Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5886-5520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028990225","display_name":"Qianqian Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8602-9175"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianqian Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046175931","https://openalex.org/A5100617974"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.5109,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68012015,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"222","last_page":"222"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.9059034585952759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8079345226287842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7690491676330566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7399459481239319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/barcode","display_name":"Barcode","score":0.6668858528137207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5741314888000488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5431789755821228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.46912121772766113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.457651287317276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography-tools","display_name":"Steganography tools","score":0.44185763597488403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3583495616912842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3582434058189392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2545989155769348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.21653121709823608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10954040288925171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.09877437353134155}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.9059034585952759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8079345226287842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7690491676330566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7399459481239319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776841711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856","display_name":"Barcode","level":2,"score":0.6668858528137207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5741314888000488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5431789755821228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.46912121772766113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.457651287317276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13179402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7606662","display_name":"Steganography tools","level":4,"score":0.44185763597488403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3583495616912842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3582434058189392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2545989155769348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.21653121709823608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10954040288925171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.09877437353134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym11020222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11020222","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/2/222/pdf?version=1550131468","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f0b1c8f5370146e5b17704e5069e963d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f0b1c8f5370146e5b17704e5069e963d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 11, Iss 2, p 222 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/11/2/222/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11020222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym11020222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11020222","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/2/222/pdf?version=1550131468","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2912145371.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2912145371.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2027036558","https://openalex.org/W2040691809","https://openalex.org/W2058135112","https://openalex.org/W2060108852","https://openalex.org/W2078268656","https://openalex.org/W2087423110","https://openalex.org/W2108892433","https://openalex.org/W2124890704","https://openalex.org/W2125969252","https://openalex.org/W2148575324","https://openalex.org/W2164238568","https://openalex.org/W2206629542","https://openalex.org/W2586595889","https://openalex.org/W2604555794","https://openalex.org/W2746926486","https://openalex.org/W2784453069","https://openalex.org/W2810354663","https://openalex.org/W2896775189","https://openalex.org/W2901055056","https://openalex.org/W6735551427","https://openalex.org/W6748075570","https://openalex.org/W6829291558"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2560172240","https://openalex.org/W3146660591","https://openalex.org/W1995538220","https://openalex.org/W3020816551","https://openalex.org/W2338095724","https://openalex.org/W2804412098","https://openalex.org/W2891774131","https://openalex.org/W3133799264","https://openalex.org/W2588780717","https://openalex.org/W1852022489"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"greater":[1,183],"attention":[2],"being":[3],"paid":[4],"to":[5,114,143],"sensitive-information":[6,12,159],"leakage":[7],"in":[8,51,56,67,117,134,154],"the":[9,11,15,25,52,57,68,85,103,118,145,156,173,206],"cyberdomain,":[10],"problem":[13],"of":[14,28,77,87,105,147,158,208,232],"physical":[16,59,75,115,120],"domain":[17],"remains":[18],"neglected.":[19],"Anonymous":[20],"users":[21],"can":[22,224],"easily":[23],"access":[24],"sensitive":[26],"information":[27],"other":[29,217],"users,":[30],"such":[31],"as":[32,108],"transaction":[33],"information,":[34],"health":[35],"status,":[36],"and":[37,71,90,131,168,186,203,212],"addresses,":[38],"without":[39],"any":[40],"advanced":[41],"technologies.":[42],"Ideally,":[43],"secret":[44,148,198,226],"messages":[45,78,199,227],"should":[46],"be":[47],"protected":[48],"not":[49],"only":[50,65],"cyberdomain":[53,70],"but":[54],"also":[55],"complex":[58,119],"domain.":[60,121],"However,":[61],"popular":[62],"steganography":[63,97,176,219],"schemes":[64],"work":[66],"traditional":[69],"are":[72,79],"useless":[73],"when":[74],"distortions":[76,116],"unavoidable.":[80],"This":[81],"paper":[82],"first":[83],"defines":[84],"concept":[86],"cross-domain":[88,96],"steganography,":[89],"then":[91],"proposes":[92],"EasyStego,":[93],"a":[94,125,229],"novel":[95],"scheme.":[98],"EasyStego":[99,123,137,164,181,195,223],"is":[100,112,151],"based":[101,178],"on":[102,179,189],"use":[104],"QR":[106],"barcodes":[107],"carriers;":[109],"therefore,":[110],"it":[111],"robust":[113],"Moreover,":[122],"has":[124,165,182],"large":[126],"capacity":[127,185],"for":[128],"embeddable":[129],"secrets":[130],"strong":[132],"scalability":[133],"various":[135],"scenarios.":[136],"uses":[138],"an":[139],"AES":[140],"encryption":[141],"algorithm":[142],"control":[144],"permissions":[146],"messages,":[149],"which":[150],"more":[152],"effective":[153],"reducing":[155],"possibility":[157],"leakage.":[160],"Experiments":[161],"show":[162],"that":[163],"perfect":[166],"robustness":[167,193],"good":[169],"efficiency.":[170],"Compared":[171],"with":[172,228],"best":[174],"current":[175],"scheme":[177],"barcodes,":[180],"steganographic":[184],"less":[187],"impact":[188],"barcode":[190],"data.":[191],"In":[192,205],"tests,":[194],"successfully":[196],"extracts":[197],"at":[200],"different":[201],"angles":[202],"distances.":[204],"case":[207],"adding":[209],"natural":[210],"textures":[211],"importing":[213],"quantitative":[214],"error":[215],"bits,":[216],"related":[218],"techniques":[220],"fail,":[221],"whereas":[222],"extract":[225],"success":[230],"rate":[231],"nearly":[233],"100%.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}