{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2910567371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11010107","title":"Visualization of High-Dimensional Data by Pairwise Fusion Matrices Using t-SNE","display_name":"Visualization of High-Dimensional Data by Pairwise Fusion Matrices Using t-SNE","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2910567371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11010107","mag":"2910567371"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym11010107","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11010107","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/1/107/pdf?version=1547727808","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/1/107/pdf?version=1547727808","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008302404","display_name":"Mujtaba Husnain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9964-4716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174731842","display_name":"Islamia University of Bahawalpur","ror":"https://ror.org/002rc4w13","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mujtaba Husnain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & IT, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & IT, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067730154","display_name":"Malik Muhammad Saad Missen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9903-0274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174731842","display_name":"Islamia University of Bahawalpur","ror":"https://ror.org/002rc4w13","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malik Muhammad Saad Missen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & IT, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & IT, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028514360","display_name":"Shahzad Mumtaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2606-2405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174731842","display_name":"Islamia University of Bahawalpur","ror":"https://ror.org/002rc4w13","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahzad Mumtaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & IT, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & IT, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015093671","display_name":"Muhammad Muzzamil Luqman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9658-0833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78744979","display_name":"La Rochelle Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv1z119","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78744979"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Muzzamil Luqman","raw_affiliation_strings":["L3i, La Rochelle University, Avenue Michel C\u0155epeau, 17000 La Rochelle, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"L3i, La Rochelle University, Avenue Michel C\u0155epeau, 17000 La Rochelle, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78744979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063992777","display_name":"Micka\u00ebl Coustaty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0123-439X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78744979","display_name":"La Rochelle Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv1z119","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78744979"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Micka\u00ebl Coustaty","raw_affiliation_strings":["L3i, La Rochelle University, Avenue Michel C\u0155epeau, 17000 La Rochelle, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"L3i, La Rochelle University, Avenue Michel C\u0155epeau, 17000 La Rochelle, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78744979"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051777602","display_name":"Jean-Marc Ogier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5666-475X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78744979","display_name":"La Rochelle Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv1z119","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78744979"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean-Marc Ogier","raw_affiliation_strings":["L3i, La Rochelle University, Avenue Michel C\u0155epeau, 17000 La Rochelle, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"L3i, La Rochelle University, Avenue Michel C\u0155epeau, 17000 La Rochelle, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78744979"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008302404"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":2.0437,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89615439,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":"107","last_page":"107"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7056760787963867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6248188018798828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.6013420820236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5876572728157043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numeral-system","display_name":"Numeral system","score":0.5782521367073059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.5658611059188843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5110737085342407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.48761311173439026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.42863065004348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.4254993796348572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.42034420371055603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2553233504295349}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7056760787963867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6248188018798828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.6013420820236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5876572728157043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204160518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122653","display_name":"Numeral system","level":2,"score":0.5782521367073059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.5658611059188843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5110737085342407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.48761311173439026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.42863065004348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.4254993796348572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.42034420371055603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2553233504295349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym11010107","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11010107","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/1/107/pdf?version=1547727808","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-02364780v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-02364780","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, 2019, 11 (1), pp.107. ⟨10.3390/sym11010107⟩","raw_type":"Journal articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aura.abdn.ac.uk:2164/23199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/1/107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400966","display_name":"Aberdeen University Research Archive (Aberdeen University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","host_organization_name":"University of Aberdeen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3c500f5bb1a9401b83c2898c18ecb52c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3c500f5bb1a9401b83c2898c18ecb52c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 11, Iss 1, p 107 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/11/1/107/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11010107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym11010107","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11010107","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/1/107/pdf?version=1547727808","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2910567371.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2910567371.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W107619411","https://openalex.org/W1532469653","https://openalex.org/W1742512077","https://openalex.org/W1993436046","https://openalex.org/W2001141328","https://openalex.org/W2004702574","https://openalex.org/W2017588182","https://openalex.org/W2027740277","https://openalex.org/W2034838676","https://openalex.org/W2042378339","https://openalex.org/W2053186076","https://openalex.org/W2053757129","https://openalex.org/W2071128523","https://openalex.org/W2098203240","https://openalex.org/W2101117375","https://openalex.org/W2116516955","https://openalex.org/W2118023920","https://openalex.org/W2118823562","https://openalex.org/W2119111481","https://openalex.org/W2132620282","https://openalex.org/W2146520578","https://openalex.org/W2146950091","https://openalex.org/W2156718197","https://openalex.org/W2158485828","https://openalex.org/W2169507824","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2255388164","https://openalex.org/W2295991281","https://openalex.org/W2542768043","https://openalex.org/W2598326928","https://openalex.org/W2762635464","https://openalex.org/W2784869362","https://openalex.org/W2963271566","https://openalex.org/W4386183428","https://openalex.org/W6678080434","https://openalex.org/W6683161245"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2539042112","https://openalex.org/W587872652","https://openalex.org/W4234680390","https://openalex.org/W3202497208","https://openalex.org/W2378136823","https://openalex.org/W2376285871","https://openalex.org/W3128034986","https://openalex.org/W1968265719","https://openalex.org/W1968475104","https://openalex.org/W2899564673"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,105],"applied":[1],"t-distributed":[2],"stochastic":[3],"neighbor":[4],"embedding":[5],"(t-SNE)":[6],"to":[7,137,170],"visualize":[8],"Urdu":[9,26,41,55,103,194],"handwritten":[10,25,193],"numerals":[11,56],"(or":[12,145],"digits).":[13],"The":[14,28,85,130,174],"data":[15,29,80,140,167],"set":[16,30,81],"used":[17],"consists":[18,88],"of":[19,24,39,44,54,62,77,89,102,114,164],"28":[20,22],"\u00d7":[21],"images":[23],"numerals.":[27],"was":[31,67],"created":[32],"by":[33,71,177],"inviting":[34],"authors":[35],"from":[36],"different":[37,83,152],"categories":[38],"native":[40],"speakers.":[42],"One":[43],"the":[45,51,63,78,96,112,161,165],"challenging":[46],"and":[47,74,92,127,188],"critical":[48],"issues":[49],"for":[50,99],"correct":[52],"visualization":[53],"is":[57,95],"shape":[58],"similarity":[59],"between":[60],"some":[61],"digits.":[64,104],"This":[65],"issue":[66],"resolved":[68],"using":[69,119],"t-SNE,":[70],"exploiting":[72],"local":[73,93,162],"global":[75,86],"structures":[76],"large":[79],"at":[82],"scales.":[84],"structure":[87,94,163],"geometrical":[90],"features":[91],"pixel-based":[97],"information":[98],"each":[100,139],"class":[101],"introduce":[106],"a":[107,124,143,150,171],"novel":[108],"approach":[109,157],"that":[110],"allows":[111],"fusion":[113,131],"these":[115],"two":[116,144],"independent":[117],"spaces":[118],"Euclidean":[120],"pairwise":[121],"distances":[122],"in":[123,142,149],"highly":[125],"organized":[126],"principled":[128],"way.":[129,153],"matrix":[132],"embedded":[133],"with":[134],"t-SNE":[135,178],"helps":[136],"locate":[138],"point":[141],"three-)":[146],"dimensional":[147],"map":[148],"very":[151],"Furthermore,":[154],"our":[155,192],"proposed":[156],"focuses":[158],"on":[159,191],"preserving":[160],"high-dimensional":[166],"while":[168],"mapping":[169],"low-dimensional":[172],"plane.":[173],"visualizations":[175],"produced":[176],"outperformed":[179],"other":[180],"classical":[181],"techniques":[182],"like":[183],"principal":[184],"component":[185],"analysis":[186],"(PCA)":[187],"auto-encoders":[189],"(AE)":[190],"numeral":[195],"dataset.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}