{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2904882655","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11010003","title":"A Framework for Automatic Building Detection from Low-Contrast Satellite Images","display_name":"A Framework for Automatic Building Detection from Low-Contrast Satellite Images","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2904882655","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11010003","mag":"2904882655"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym11010003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11010003","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/1/3/pdf?version=1545366623","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/1/3/pdf?version=1545366623","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039996731","display_name":"Muhammad Aamir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7679-0980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Aamir","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101890639","display_name":"Yi\u2010Fei Pu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2975-4976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Fei Pu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102023423","display_name":"Zia-ur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8233-567X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziaur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101502016","display_name":"Muhammad Tahir","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Tahir","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), Dalian 116621, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), Dalian 116621, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068739772","display_name":"Hamad Naeem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1511-218X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamad Naeem","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101958101","display_name":"Qiang Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2839-4289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101890639"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":3.9881,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93285592,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":"3","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7425515055656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.6625387072563171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5990369319915771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5979277491569519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5655817985534668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/singular-value-decomposition","display_name":"Singular value decomposition","score":0.495503306388855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.4732509255409241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-wavelet-transform","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","score":0.4535348415374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.4207437038421631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3716388940811157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.36810219287872314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.34724631905555725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-transform","display_name":"Wavelet transform","score":0.26545703411102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12982359528541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.09916779398918152}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7425515055656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.6625387072563171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5990369319915771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5979277491569519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5655817985534668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22789450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420904","display_name":"Singular value decomposition","level":2,"score":0.495503306388855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4732509255409241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46286280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414958","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","level":4,"score":0.4535348415374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.4207437038421631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3716388940811157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.36810219287872314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34724631905555725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.26545703411102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12982359528541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09916779398918152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym11010003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11010003","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/1/3/pdf?version=1545366623","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c4e75b5364f84e9ca72e5441e1e646cb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c4e75b5364f84e9ca72e5441e1e646cb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 11, Iss 1, p 3 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/11/1/3/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11010003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym11010003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11010003","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/1/3/pdf?version=1545366623","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G466649759","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017Y","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5249178904","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No. 6","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7506217808","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61571312","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7726157001","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8056387268","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB0802300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8340078520","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YF","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8823009050","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G902353243","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB0802300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2904882655.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2904882655.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1879695671","https://openalex.org/W1964555431","https://openalex.org/W1966411833","https://openalex.org/W1973772845","https://openalex.org/W1975263210","https://openalex.org/W1975520234","https://openalex.org/W1976827068","https://openalex.org/W1993150044","https://openalex.org/W2003682330","https://openalex.org/W2015956468","https://openalex.org/W2021278996","https://openalex.org/W2033038277","https://openalex.org/W2037945469","https://openalex.org/W2042365185","https://openalex.org/W2043102888","https://openalex.org/W2049916020","https://openalex.org/W2058436841","https://openalex.org/W2063605520","https://openalex.org/W2073534752","https://openalex.org/W2087330236","https://openalex.org/W2103054881","https://openalex.org/W2105354317","https://openalex.org/W2108283046","https://openalex.org/W2110266146","https://openalex.org/W2114531724","https://openalex.org/W2127300676","https://openalex.org/W2130121782","https://openalex.org/W2132680427","https://openalex.org/W2133053556","https://openalex.org/W2141743581","https://openalex.org/W2143972956","https://openalex.org/W2145158371","https://openalex.org/W2157284958","https://openalex.org/W2158253930","https://openalex.org/W2158479016","https://openalex.org/W2163985742","https://openalex.org/W2164815654","https://openalex.org/W2170912380","https://openalex.org/W2308318555","https://openalex.org/W2314370332","https://openalex.org/W2314966707","https://openalex.org/W2503140068","https://openalex.org/W2579683363","https://openalex.org/W2610412622","https://openalex.org/W2699091825","https://openalex.org/W2749923817","https://openalex.org/W2752419847","https://openalex.org/W2768428873","https://openalex.org/W2776462702","https://openalex.org/W2777660198","https://openalex.org/W2783397339","https://openalex.org/W2783802546","https://openalex.org/W2787614951","https://openalex.org/W2789923448","https://openalex.org/W2791634589","https://openalex.org/W2793911617","https://openalex.org/W2794187036","https://openalex.org/W2794606897","https://openalex.org/W2802165694","https://openalex.org/W2804086848","https://openalex.org/W2804919784","https://openalex.org/W2808249151","https://openalex.org/W2890017265","https://openalex.org/W2890355098","https://openalex.org/W2890882988","https://openalex.org/W2898111580","https://openalex.org/W2981906551","https://openalex.org/W6661274067","https://openalex.org/W6678812539"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2068608913","https://openalex.org/W3121932492","https://openalex.org/W183670115","https://openalex.org/W4245420407","https://openalex.org/W1501179639","https://openalex.org/W3199035354","https://openalex.org/W4401371153","https://openalex.org/W1807354010","https://openalex.org/W3143644526","https://openalex.org/W598225674"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Building":[0],"detection":[1,30,50,143],"in":[2,13,78,88,112],"satellite":[3,43,53,101,110],"images":[4,44,54,66,200],"has":[5],"been":[6,35],"considered":[7,68],"an":[8,75,104,119],"essential":[9],"field":[10],"of":[11,60,82,109,118,165,173],"research":[12],"remote":[14],"sensing":[15],"and":[16,24,72,169,214],"computer":[17],"vision.":[18],"There":[19],"are":[20,158,176,192],"currently":[21],"numerous":[22],"techniques":[23],"algorithms":[25,33],"used":[26],"to":[27,37,55,96,106,123,147,161,178],"achieve":[28],"building":[29,39,49,150,175],"performance.":[31],"Different":[32],"have":[34],"proposed":[36,205],"extract":[38],"objects":[40],"from":[41,51,99,188],"high-resolution":[42,199],"with":[45,194,201],"standard":[46],"contrast.":[47,203],"However,":[48],"low-contrast":[52,100],"predict":[56],"symmetrical":[57],"findings":[58],"as":[59],"past":[61],"studies":[62],"using":[63,128],"normal":[64],"contrast":[65,117],"is":[67,121,145],"a":[69,79,94,141],"challenging":[70],"task":[71],"may":[73],"play":[74],"integral":[76],"role":[77],"wide":[80],"range":[81],"applications.":[83],"Having":[84],"received":[85],"significant":[86],"attention":[87],"recent":[89],"years,":[90],"this":[91,113,184],"manuscript":[92],"proposes":[93],"methodology":[95],"detect":[97,149],"buildings":[98],"images.":[102],"In":[103,183],"effort":[105],"enhance":[107],"visualization":[108],"images,":[111],"study,":[114],"first,":[115],"the":[116,126,135,154,163,170,174,186,189],"image":[120],"optimized":[122],"represent":[124],"all":[125],"information":[127],"singular":[129],"value":[130],"decomposition":[131],"(SVD)":[132],"based":[133,197],"on":[134,198],"discrete":[136],"wavelet":[137],"transform":[138],"(DWT).":[139],"Second,":[140],"line-segment":[142],"scheme":[144],"applied":[146],"accurately":[148],"line":[151,156,167],"segments.":[152],"Third,":[153],"detected":[155],"segments":[157],"hierarchically":[159],"grouped":[160],"recognize":[162],"relationship":[164],"identified":[166],"segments,":[168],"complete":[171],"contours":[172],"attained":[177],"obtain":[179],"candidate":[180],"rectangular":[181],"buildings.":[182],"paper,":[185],"results":[187,216],"method":[190,206],"above":[191],"compared":[193],"existing":[195],"approaches":[196],"reasonable":[202],"The":[204],"achieves":[207],"high":[208],"performance":[209],"thus":[210],"yields":[211],"more":[212],"diversified":[213],"insightful":[215],"over":[217],"conventional":[218],"techniques.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
