{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2901772140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10110651","title":"Comparison of Random Subspace and Voting Ensemble Machine Learning Methods for Face Recognition","display_name":"Comparison of Random Subspace and Voting Ensemble Machine Learning Methods for Face Recognition","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2901772140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10110651","mag":"2901772140"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym10110651","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10110651","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/11/651/pdf?version=1542623556","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/11/651/pdf?version=1542623556","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020903342","display_name":"Mehmet Akif Yaman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mehmet Akif Yaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Analysis and Scientific Computing, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1040, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Analysis and Scientific Computing, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1040, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076009908","display_name":"Abd\u00fclhamit Suba\u015f\u0131","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7630-4084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125656591","display_name":"Effat University","ror":"https://ror.org/02cnwgt19","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125656591"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulhamit Subasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Effat University, Jeddah 21478, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Effat University, Jeddah 21478, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125656591"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017331356","display_name":"Frank Rattay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2819-8827"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Rattay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Analysis and Scientific Computing, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1040, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Analysis and Scientific Computing, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1040, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020903342"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":2.34,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9189586,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"11","first_page":"651","last_page":"651"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7753095626831055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.6748020052909851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6704550981521606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6594381332397461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-subspace-method","display_name":"Random subspace method","score":0.600947380065918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5938432216644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5709743499755859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.5627355575561523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/three-dimensional-face-recognition","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","score":0.5511406064033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subspace-topology","display_name":"Subspace topology","score":0.5467433333396912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.5269243121147156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4843543767929077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-of-oriented-gradients","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","score":0.4788236916065216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4727388620376587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"Voting","score":0.4662809371948242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.46261388063430786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.41409942507743835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.3118978440761566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.19842597842216492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7753095626831055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.6748020052909851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6704550981521606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6594381332397461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106135958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7291993","display_name":"Random subspace method","level":3,"score":0.600947380065918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5938432216644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5709743499755859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.5627355575561523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88799230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398329","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","level":5,"score":0.5511406064033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32834561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660730","display_name":"Subspace topology","level":2,"score":0.5467433333396912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.5269243121147156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4843543767929077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17426736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419918","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","level":4,"score":0.4788236916065216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4727388620376587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.4662809371948242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.46261388063430786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.41409942507743835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.3118978440761566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.19842597842216492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym10110651","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10110651","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/11/651/pdf?version=1542623556","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bbc6517e14d24edcb4e99132358258c8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bbc6517e14d24edcb4e99132358258c8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 10, Iss 11, p 651 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/10/11/651/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym10110651","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym10110651","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10110651","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/11/651/pdf?version=1542623556","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2901772140.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2901772140.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W253837944","https://openalex.org/W1137351880","https://openalex.org/W1444168786","https://openalex.org/W1506806321","https://openalex.org/W1520465424","https://openalex.org/W1521885556","https://openalex.org/W1524761913","https://openalex.org/W1536719366","https://openalex.org/W1564634668","https://openalex.org/W1704952135","https://openalex.org/W1973258879","https://openalex.org/W1986077389","https://openalex.org/W1998769964","https://openalex.org/W2003802155","https://openalex.org/W2010425280","https://openalex.org/W2033326122","https://openalex.org/W2033419168","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2060117429","https://openalex.org/W2065231538","https://openalex.org/W2068476218","https://openalex.org/W2083504715","https://openalex.org/W2089377585","https://openalex.org/W2113242816","https://openalex.org/W2123736354","https://openalex.org/W2129277385","https://openalex.org/W2141471578","https://openalex.org/W2144534642","https://openalex.org/W2147556167","https://openalex.org/W2150757437","https://openalex.org/W2155653793","https://openalex.org/W2157124852","https://openalex.org/W2157825442","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2159577413","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2170913656","https://openalex.org/W2171338122","https://openalex.org/W2183638453","https://openalex.org/W2265356345","https://openalex.org/W2277123687","https://openalex.org/W2407698452","https://openalex.org/W2526768108","https://openalex.org/W2553007282","https://openalex.org/W2554365105","https://openalex.org/W2600062892","https://openalex.org/W2606680731","https://openalex.org/W2736497533","https://openalex.org/W2772846498","https://openalex.org/W2782592381","https://openalex.org/W2785932184","https://openalex.org/W2795708243","https://openalex.org/W2798046116","https://openalex.org/W2801811365","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2963474932","https://openalex.org/W4246552548","https://openalex.org/W6628505203","https://openalex.org/W6632047248","https://openalex.org/W6678466122","https://openalex.org/W6686117849","https://openalex.org/W6730263737","https://openalex.org/W7019228791"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981866886","https://openalex.org/W2052615004","https://openalex.org/W2046975922","https://openalex.org/W4361733484","https://openalex.org/W4256395896","https://openalex.org/W2057416691","https://openalex.org/W325114128","https://openalex.org/W1760344465","https://openalex.org/W2770076983","https://openalex.org/W4206923589"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Biometry":[0],"based":[1],"authentication":[2],"and":[3,20,31,45,51,63,105,136,159,180,214],"recognition":[4,66,73,121,127,145,184],"have":[5,108,198,218],"attracted":[6],"greater":[7],"attention":[8],"due":[9],"to":[10,163,197],"numerous":[11],"applications":[12],"for":[13,77,110,201],"security-conscious":[14],"societies,":[15],"since":[16],"biometrics":[17],"brings":[18],"accurate":[19],"consistent":[21],"identification.":[22],"Face":[23,65],"biometry":[24],"possesses":[25],"the":[26,35,48,71,129,165,204,250],"merits":[27],"of":[28,37,70,114,167,239],"low":[29],"intrusiveness":[30],"high":[32,199],"precision.":[33],"Despite":[34],"presence":[36],"several":[38,171],"biometric":[39,168],"methods,":[40],"like":[41],"iris":[42],"scan,":[43],"fingerprints,":[44],"hand":[46],"geometry,":[47],"most":[49],"effective":[50],"broadly":[52],"utilized":[53],"method":[54,234],"is":[55,60,67,75,84,133,195],"face":[56,120,126,144,183,230,252],"recognition,":[57],"because":[58],"it":[59],"reasonable,":[61],"natural,":[62],"non-intrusive.":[64],"a":[68,81,87,91,111,134,192],"part":[69],"pattern":[72],"that":[74,83,147],"applied":[76],"identifying":[78],"or":[79,90],"authenticating":[80],"person":[82],"extracted":[85],"from":[86],"digital":[88],"image":[89],"video":[92],"automatically.":[93],"Moreover,":[94],"current":[95],"innovations":[96],"in":[97,119,128,161],"big":[98],"data":[99,131],"analysis,":[100],"cloud":[101],"computing,":[102],"social":[103],"networks,":[104],"machine":[106],"learning":[107,153],"allowed":[109],"straightforward":[112],"understanding":[113],"how":[115],"different":[116,224],"challenging":[117,137],"issues":[118],"might":[122],"be":[123],"solved.":[124],"Effective":[125],"enormous":[130],"concept":[132],"crucial":[135],"task.":[138],"This":[139,232],"study":[140],"develops":[141],"an":[142,237],"intelligent":[143],"framework":[146,206],"recognizes":[148],"faces":[149],"through":[150],"efficient":[151],"ensemble":[152,181,216,247],"techniques,":[154],"which":[155,190],"are":[156,185],"Random":[157,212],"Subspace":[158,213],"Voting,":[160],"order":[162],"improve":[164],"performance":[166],"systems.":[169],"Furthermore,":[170],"methods":[172],"including":[173],"skin":[174],"color":[175],"detection,":[176],"histogram":[177,208],"feature":[178,209],"extraction,":[179],"learner-based":[182],"presented.":[186],"The":[187],"proposed":[188,205,233],"framework,":[189],"has":[191,235],"symmetric":[193],"structure,":[194],"found":[196],"potential":[200],"biometrics.":[202],"Hence,":[203],"utilizing":[207],"extraction":[210],"with":[211,228,241,245],"Voting":[215],"learners":[217,248],"presented":[219],"their":[220],"superiority":[221],"over":[222],"two":[223],"databases":[225],"as":[226],"compared":[227],"state-of-art":[229],"recognition.":[231],"reached":[236],"accuracy":[238],"99.25%":[240],"random":[242],"forest,":[243],"combined":[244],"both":[246],"on":[249],"FERET":[251],"database.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
