{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2900328506","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10110607","title":"A Coarse-to-Fine Fully Convolutional Neural Network for Fundus Vessel Segmentation","display_name":"A Coarse-to-Fine Fully Convolutional Neural Network for Fundus Vessel Segmentation","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2900328506","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10110607","mag":"2900328506"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym10110607","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10110607","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/11/607/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/11/607/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071813171","display_name":"Jianwei Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9071-9443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianwei Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101864922","display_name":"Yixuan Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5057-289X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixuan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079574878","display_name":"Mingle Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingle Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["High School Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"High School Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014359523","display_name":"Ye Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7052-7268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ye Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7052-7268","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014359523"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":2.1541,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88304325,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"11","first_page":"607","last_page":"607"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","score":0.8430054187774658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7607683539390564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7447353601455688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7336136698722839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6232655644416809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5547870397567749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5405522584915161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.47031867504119873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4360009431838989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4157830476760864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.39952242374420166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.14653843641281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.10688462853431702}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.8430054187774658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7607683539390564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7447353601455688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7336136698722839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6232655644416809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5547870397567749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5405522584915161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.47031867504119873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4360009431838989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4157830476760864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39952242374420166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.14653843641281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10688462853431702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym10110607","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10110607","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/11/607/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:516931e681d04f86b789604988607024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/516931e681d04f86b789604988607024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 10, Iss 11, p 607 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/10/11/607/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym10110607","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym10110607","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10110607","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/11/607/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W947992079","https://openalex.org/W1884191083","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2018593404","https://openalex.org/W2033723371","https://openalex.org/W2045227075","https://openalex.org/W2063627453","https://openalex.org/W2093545979","https://openalex.org/W2109037308","https://openalex.org/W2115680416","https://openalex.org/W2124592697","https://openalex.org/W2129098176","https://openalex.org/W2132519114","https://openalex.org/W2145305441","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2150769593","https://openalex.org/W2163344010","https://openalex.org/W2167510172","https://openalex.org/W2206167351","https://openalex.org/W2289772833","https://openalex.org/W2299510821","https://openalex.org/W2327793514","https://openalex.org/W2394979716","https://openalex.org/W2433259561","https://openalex.org/W2527341761","https://openalex.org/W2556022279","https://openalex.org/W2587662788","https://openalex.org/W2592381002","https://openalex.org/W2592939477","https://openalex.org/W2626807635","https://openalex.org/W2752747624","https://openalex.org/W2755938060","https://openalex.org/W2766724174","https://openalex.org/W2809286956","https://openalex.org/W6625036451","https://openalex.org/W6697498197","https://openalex.org/W6734061528"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3135697610","https://openalex.org/W2374520121","https://openalex.org/W4391621807","https://openalex.org/W2085033728","https://openalex.org/W4285411112","https://openalex.org/W2171299904","https://openalex.org/W1647606319","https://openalex.org/W2922442631","https://openalex.org/W4390494008","https://openalex.org/W2967742050"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fundus":[0],"vessel":[1,26,73],"analysis":[2],"is":[3,28,100,146],"a":[4,76,84],"significant":[5],"tool":[6],"for":[7,32,114],"evaluating":[8],"the":[9,52,62,107,115,119,124,139,185],"development":[10],"of":[11,43,54,64,78,106,118,143,162,165,168,178],"retinal":[12],"diseases":[13],"such":[14],"as":[15,75],"diabetic":[16],"retinopathy":[17],"and":[18,30,37,41,46,82,111,136,141,155,170],"hypertension":[19],"in":[20,35,61,129],"clinical":[21],"practice.":[22],"Hence,":[23],"automatic":[24],"fundus":[25,55,72,96,130],"segmentation":[27,74],"essential":[29],"valuable":[31],"medical":[33],"diagnosis":[34],"ophthalmopathy":[36],"will":[38],"allow":[39],"identification":[40],"extraction":[42],"relevant":[44],"symmetric":[45],"asymmetric":[47],"patterns.":[48],"Further,":[49],"due":[50],"to":[51,92],"uniqueness":[53],"vessel,":[56],"it":[57],"can":[58],"be":[59],"applied":[60],"field":[63],"biometric":[65],"identification.":[66],"In":[67],"this":[68],"paper,":[69],"we":[70],"remold":[71],"task":[77],"pixel-wise":[79],"classification":[80],"task,":[81],"propose":[83],"novel":[85],"coarse-to-fine":[86],"fully":[87],"convolutional":[88],"neural":[89,120],"network":[90,121],"(CF-FCN)":[91],"extract":[93],"vessels":[94],"from":[95],"images.":[97,131],"Our":[98],"CF-FCN":[99,145],"aimed":[101],"at":[102],"making":[103,112],"full":[104],"use":[105],"original":[108],"data":[109],"information":[110],"up":[113],"coarse":[116],"output":[117],"by":[122],"harnessing":[123],"space":[125],"relationship":[126],"between":[127],"pixels":[128],"Accompanying":[132],"with":[133],"necessary":[134],"pre-processing":[135],"post-processing":[137],"operations,":[138],"efficacy":[140],"efficiency":[142],"our":[144,149],"corroborated":[147],"through":[148],"experiments":[150],"on":[151,180],"DRIVE,":[152],"STARE,":[153],"HRF":[154],"CHASE":[156],"DB1":[157],"datasets.":[158],"It":[159],"achieves":[160],"sensitivity":[161],"0.7941,":[163],"specificity":[164],"0.9870,":[166],"accuracy":[167],"0.9634":[169],"Area":[171],"Under":[172],"Receiver":[173],"Operating":[174],"Characteristic":[175],"Curve":[176],"(AUC)":[177],"0.9787":[179],"DRIVE":[181],"datasets,":[182],"which":[183],"surpasses":[184],"state-of-the-art":[186],"approaches.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}