{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2890005932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10090376","title":"3D Spatial Pyramid Dilated Network for Pulmonary Nodule Classification","display_name":"3D Spatial Pyramid Dilated Network for Pulmonary Nodule Classification","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2890005932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10090376","mag":"2890005932"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym10090376","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10090376","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/9/376/pdf?version=1536055710","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/9/376/pdf?version=1536055710","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063293419","display_name":"Guokai Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0952-8325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guokai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100441084","display_name":"Xiao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7888-6898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002554183","display_name":"Dandan Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0329-6321"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dandan Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101785114","display_name":"Pengcheng He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7706-7105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengcheng He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064138180","display_name":"Lipeng Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lipeng Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014359523","display_name":"Ye Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7052-7268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ye Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7052-7268","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071813171","display_name":"Jianwei Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9071-9443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianwei Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014359523","https://openalex.org/A5071813171"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.4789,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66640855,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"9","first_page":"376","last_page":"376"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.738118052482605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6982377767562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.680986762046814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.5962412357330322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nodule","display_name":"Nodule (geology)","score":0.5472554564476013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5119917988777161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4866812825202942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malignancy","display_name":"Malignancy","score":0.4773849844932556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4230383038520813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.3909042477607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3095102310180664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.28981003165245056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.17580366134643555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12301257252693176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.08040523529052734}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.738118052482605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6982377767562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.680986762046814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.5962412357330322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776731575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916245","display_name":"Nodule (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5472554564476013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5119917988777161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4866812825202942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779399171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1483951","display_name":"Malignancy","level":2,"score":0.4773849844932556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4230383038520813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.3909042477607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3095102310180664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.28981003165245056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.17580366134643555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12301257252693176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.08040523529052734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym10090376","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10090376","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/9/376/pdf?version=1536055710","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fadda2890b114e718fcc1b0ae671db82","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fadda2890b114e718fcc1b0ae671db82","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 10, Iss 9, p 376 (2018)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym10090376","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10090376","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/9/376/pdf?version=1536055710","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2299399830","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22120180012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W948663339","https://openalex.org/W1582640985","https://openalex.org/W1898227994","https://openalex.org/W1975020933","https://openalex.org/W1983364832","https://openalex.org/W1986649315","https://openalex.org/W1991324991","https://openalex.org/W1992122542","https://openalex.org/W2023580159","https://openalex.org/W2031827337","https://openalex.org/W2033633617","https://openalex.org/W2067123389","https://openalex.org/W2078014989","https://openalex.org/W2085206647","https://openalex.org/W2126598020","https://openalex.org/W2155662634","https://openalex.org/W2160764363","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2235523093","https://openalex.org/W2286929393","https://openalex.org/W2322371438","https://openalex.org/W2394599079","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2438635651","https://openalex.org/W2513326255","https://openalex.org/W2524399695","https://openalex.org/W2531088577","https://openalex.org/W2553191729","https://openalex.org/W2566620708","https://openalex.org/W2574038793","https://openalex.org/W2577893174","https://openalex.org/W2601564443","https://openalex.org/W2604463720","https://openalex.org/W2734776202","https://openalex.org/W2962850830","https://openalex.org/W3098547059"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2953234277","https://openalex.org/W2626256601","https://openalex.org/W2022849497","https://openalex.org/W3081299480","https://openalex.org/W2407190427","https://openalex.org/W2919210741","https://openalex.org/W2907584218","https://openalex.org/W3002446410","https://openalex.org/W4390224712","https://openalex.org/W4322096758"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Lung":[0],"cancer":[1],"mortality":[2],"is":[3,49],"currently":[4],"the":[5,14,32,38,41,67,73,78,84,103,106,112,122,127,134,147,151],"highest":[6],"among":[7],"all":[8],"kinds":[9],"of":[10,16,23,40,83,105,110,126,136,150,167],"fatal":[11],"cancers.":[12],"With":[13],"help":[15],"computer-aided":[17],"detection":[18,22],"systems,":[19],"a":[20,93,161],"timely":[21],"malignant":[24],"pulmonary":[25,42,85,107,128],"nodule":[26],"at":[27],"early":[28],"stage":[29],"could":[30,144],"improve":[31,146],"patient":[33],"survival":[34],"rate":[35],"efficiently.":[36],"However,":[37],"sizes":[39],"nodules":[43],"are":[44],"usually":[45],"various,":[46],"and":[47],"it":[48,71],"more":[50],"difficult":[51],"to":[52,65,76,101,120],"detect":[53],"small":[54],"diameter":[55],"nodules.":[56,86,108,129],"The":[57],"traditional":[58],"convolution":[59,99,119],"neural":[60],"network":[61,100],"uses":[62],"pooling":[63,113],"layers":[64],"reduce":[66],"resolution":[68],"progressively,":[69],"but":[70,80],"hampers":[72],"network\u2019s":[74],"ability":[75],"capture":[77],"tiny":[79],"vital":[81],"features":[82],"To":[87],"tackle":[88],"this":[89],"problem,":[90],"we":[91,115,131],"propose":[92],"novel":[94],"3D":[95,117],"spatial":[96],"pyramid":[97],"dilated":[98,118,142],"classify":[102],"malignancy":[104],"Instead":[109],"using":[111],"layers,":[114],"use":[116],"learn":[121],"detailed":[123],"characteristic":[124],"information":[125],"Furthermore,":[130],"show":[132],"that":[133,157],"fusion":[135],"multiple":[137],"receptive":[138],"fields":[139],"from":[140],"different":[141],"convolutions":[143],"further":[145],"classification":[148],"performance":[149],"model.":[152],"Extensive":[153],"experimental":[154],"results":[155],"demonstrate":[156],"our":[158],"model":[159],"achieves":[160],"better":[162],"result":[163],"with":[164],"an":[165],"accuracy":[166],"88.6":[168],"%":[169],",":[170],"which":[171],"outperforms":[172],"other":[173],"state-of-the-art":[174],"methods.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
