{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2885102454","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10080308","title":"A Coarse-to-Fine Approach for 3D Facial Landmarking by Using Deep Feature Fusion","display_name":"A Coarse-to-Fine Approach for 3D Facial Landmarking by Using Deep Feature Fusion","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2885102454","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10080308","mag":"2885102454"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym10080308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10080308","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/8/308/pdf?version=1533106920","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/8/308/pdf?version=1533106920","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101603540","display_name":"Kai Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9402-5839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9402-5839","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044233783","display_name":"Xi Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9983-6366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xi Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","School of Management, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022748461","display_name":"Wanshun Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9358-6028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanshun Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103277719","display_name":"Jianhua Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1632-4758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianhua Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044233783"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.9543,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80999197,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"8","first_page":"308","last_page":"308"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9847999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8450813889503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7891618013381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landmark","display_name":"Landmark","score":0.7803986072540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6961905360221863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6368091106414795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5853632092475891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5550211668014526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.5140291452407837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4933115541934967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4693487584590912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4537447392940521}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8450813889503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7891618013381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895393","display_name":"Landmark","level":2,"score":0.7803986072540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6961905360221863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6368091106414795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5853632092475891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5550211668014526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.5140291452407837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4933115541934967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4693487584590912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4537447392940521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym10080308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10080308","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/8/308/pdf?version=1533106920","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7757aabb27f64b71945f7e0dd495a1b2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7757aabb27f64b71945f7e0dd495a1b2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 10, Iss 8, p 308 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/10/8/308/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym10080308","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym10080308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10080308","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/8/308/pdf?version=1533106920","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566413196","https://openalex.org/W1573397251","https://openalex.org/W1601628837","https://openalex.org/W1682276745","https://openalex.org/W1896424170","https://openalex.org/W1976948919","https://openalex.org/W1977821862","https://openalex.org/W1983142758","https://openalex.org/W1998294030","https://openalex.org/W2003931381","https://openalex.org/W2015212590","https://openalex.org/W2015229219","https://openalex.org/W2023764834","https://openalex.org/W2029221124","https://openalex.org/W2038952578","https://openalex.org/W2040483884","https://openalex.org/W2044584741","https://openalex.org/W2081734071","https://openalex.org/W2087642411","https://openalex.org/W2087681821","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2110630050","https://openalex.org/W2111922125","https://openalex.org/W2112770306","https://openalex.org/W2128258626","https://openalex.org/W2135042441","https://openalex.org/W2136000821","https://openalex.org/W2136112696","https://openalex.org/W2137306662","https://openalex.org/W2137508330","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2152826865","https://openalex.org/W2157061547","https://openalex.org/W2157285372","https://openalex.org/W2157566779","https://openalex.org/W2161116336","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2164185197","https://openalex.org/W2166694921","https://openalex.org/W2166743687","https://openalex.org/W2290047318","https://openalex.org/W2621864722","https://openalex.org/W2736728583","https://openalex.org/W2949662773","https://openalex.org/W2962890819","https://openalex.org/W2964014798","https://openalex.org/W2964176417","https://openalex.org/W3104792420","https://openalex.org/W6641044740"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056853153","https://openalex.org/W2057559274","https://openalex.org/W2026924879","https://openalex.org/W2005087563","https://openalex.org/W2378111931","https://openalex.org/W2052388267","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"landmarking":[1],"locates":[2],"the":[3,33,39,67,81,92,105,120,127,144,148,153,161],"key":[4],"facial":[5,9,18,28,41,68,77,100,114,166],"feature":[6,73],"points":[7],"on":[8,16,38,75,147],"data,":[10],"which":[11,43],"provides":[12],"not":[13],"only":[14],"information":[15],"semantic":[17],"structures,":[19],"but":[20],"also":[21],"prior":[22],"knowledge":[23],"for":[24,164],"other":[25,136],"kinds":[26],"of":[27,32,160],"analysis.":[29],"However,":[30],"most":[31],"existing":[34],"works":[35],"still":[36],"focus":[37],"2D":[40,87],"image":[42],"may":[44],"suffer":[45],"from":[46,113,126],"lighting":[47],"condition":[48],"variations.":[49],"In":[50],"order":[51],"to":[52,62,86,98,142],"address":[53],"this":[54,56],"limitation,":[55],"paper":[57],"presents":[58],"a":[59],"coarse-to-fine":[60],"approach":[61],"accurately":[63],"and":[64,135,150,158],"automatically":[65],"locate":[66],"landmarks":[69,101],"by":[70,103],"using":[71],"deep":[72],"fusion":[74],"3D":[76,82],"geometry":[78],"data.":[79],"Specifically,":[80],"data":[83],"is":[84,96],"converted":[85],"attribute":[88,115],"maps":[89],"firstly.":[90],"Then,":[91],"global":[93],"estimation":[94],"network":[95],"trained":[97,140],"predict":[99],"roughly":[102],"feeding":[104],"fused":[106,122],"CNN":[107,123],"(Convolutional":[108],"Neural":[109],"Network)":[110],"features":[111,124],"extracted":[112,125],"maps.":[116],"After":[117],"that,":[118],"input":[119],"local":[121,128,137],"patch":[129],"around":[130],"each":[131],"landmark":[132],"estimated":[133],"previously,":[134],"models":[138],"are":[139],"separately":[141],"refine":[143],"locations.":[145],"Tested":[146],"Bosphorus":[149],"BU-3DFE":[151],"datasets,":[152],"experimental":[154],"results":[155,173],"demonstrated":[156],"effectiveness":[157],"accuracy":[159],"proposed":[162],"method":[163],"locating":[165],"landmarks.":[167],"Compared":[168],"with":[169],"existed":[170],"methods,":[171],"our":[172],"have":[174],"achieved":[175],"state-of-the-art":[176],"performance.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}