{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2804833475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10060220","title":"Spatiotemporal and Luminance Contrast Properties of Symmetry Perception","display_name":"Spatiotemporal and Luminance Contrast Properties of Symmetry Perception","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2804833475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10060220","mag":"2804833475"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym10060220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10060220","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/6/220/pdf?version=1528983226","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/6/220/pdf?version=1528983226","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001691967","display_name":"Rebecca J. Sharman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9193-3054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12093191","display_name":"University of Stirling","ror":"https://ror.org/045wgfr59","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rebecca J. Sharman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9193-3054","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002699035","display_name":"Elena Gheorghiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9459-1969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12093191","display_name":"University of Stirling","ror":"https://ror.org/045wgfr59","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena Gheorghiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9459-1969","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001691967"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.741,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68674853,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"6","first_page":"220","last_page":"220"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12032","display_name":"Multisensory perception and integration","score":0.9789000153541565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luminance","display_name":"Luminance","score":0.8841983675956726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.7693439722061157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symmetry","display_name":"Symmetry (geometry)","score":0.6930111646652222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interval","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","score":0.4369840621948242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4369300901889801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.42930132150650024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.4184146821498871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asymmetry","display_name":"Asymmetry","score":0.41123026609420776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.397959440946579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-system","display_name":"Biological system","score":0.33091193437576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.2415618896484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.21841269731521606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.09250196814537048}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73313986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355386","display_name":"Luminance","level":2,"score":0.8841983675956726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.7693439722061157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779886137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21030012","display_name":"Symmetry (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.6930111646652222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778067643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166507","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4369840621948242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4369300901889801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.42930132150650024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4184146821498871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38976095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752641","display_name":"Asymmetry","level":2,"score":0.41123026609420776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.397959440946579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.33091193437576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.2415618896484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.21841269731521606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.09250196814537048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym10060220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10060220","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/6/220/pdf?version=1528983226","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:datastorre.stir.ac.uk:11667/115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11667/115","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196824","display_name":"DataSTORRE - Stirling Online Repository for Research Data (University of Stirling)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I12093191","host_organization_name":"University of Stirling","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"software"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:951f8696aba1417d9c26e27d9273d166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/951f8696aba1417d9c26e27d9273d166","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 10, Iss 6, p 220 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.stir.ac.uk:1893/27392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1893/27392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400268","display_name":"Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I12093191","host_organization_name":"University of Stirling","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/10/6/220/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym10060220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym10060220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10060220","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/6/220/pdf?version=1528983226","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2485773822","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"WT106969/Z/15/Z","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6868616705","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"/Z/15/Z","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2804833475.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2804833475.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1531678846","https://openalex.org/W1597815530","https://openalex.org/W1600472217","https://openalex.org/W1964404767","https://openalex.org/W1964694219","https://openalex.org/W1969893539","https://openalex.org/W1972041176","https://openalex.org/W1995086899","https://openalex.org/W1997611928","https://openalex.org/W1998123743","https://openalex.org/W1999115738","https://openalex.org/W2002078484","https://openalex.org/W2005781789","https://openalex.org/W2010768750","https://openalex.org/W2018375504","https://openalex.org/W2027413247","https://openalex.org/W2029528398","https://openalex.org/W2033771848","https://openalex.org/W2039504261","https://openalex.org/W2042234798","https://openalex.org/W2044025140","https://openalex.org/W2045867048","https://openalex.org/W2050513624","https://openalex.org/W2062059025","https://openalex.org/W2067014271","https://openalex.org/W2072989778","https://openalex.org/W2073424680","https://openalex.org/W2079183029","https://openalex.org/W2089573555","https://openalex.org/W2093250962","https://openalex.org/W2094842002","https://openalex.org/W2108429620","https://openalex.org/W2108992228","https://openalex.org/W2115118626","https://openalex.org/W2120852200","https://openalex.org/W2126103537","https://openalex.org/W2130750536","https://openalex.org/W2143482028","https://openalex.org/W2145966513","https://openalex.org/W2148320212","https://openalex.org/W2149214147","https://openalex.org/W2156623445","https://openalex.org/W2157392891","https://openalex.org/W2168361727","https://openalex.org/W2301194010","https://openalex.org/W2462095336","https://openalex.org/W2469821375","https://openalex.org/W2604217627","https://openalex.org/W2787021634","https://openalex.org/W2803286061","https://openalex.org/W2893407789","https://openalex.org/W4230544553","https://openalex.org/W4236992217","https://openalex.org/W4247794318","https://openalex.org/W6636074122"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990245967","https://openalex.org/W2054177013","https://openalex.org/W4383506493","https://openalex.org/W1994772959","https://openalex.org/W1975469967","https://openalex.org/W1973236628","https://openalex.org/W2346565650","https://openalex.org/W2067853971","https://openalex.org/W2084965710","https://openalex.org/W2114237124"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"studies":[1],"have":[2],"shown":[3],"that":[4,197],"limiting":[5],"the":[6,17,73,115,120,147,180],"lifetime":[7,32,122],"of":[8,19,34,49,127],"pattern":[9,105],"elements":[10,35],"improves":[11],"symmetry":[12,37,50,132,163,173,201],"detection,":[13],"potentially":[14],"by":[15,167,189],"increasing":[16],"number":[18],"element":[20],"locations.":[21],"Here,":[22],"we":[23,118],"investigate":[24],"how":[25],"spatial":[26],"relocation,":[27],"luminance":[28,86],"contrast":[29,87,110,128,182,208],"modulation":[30],"and":[31,98,124,154,206],"duration":[33,123],"affect":[36],"perception":[38],"in":[39,192,203],"dynamic":[40,44,116,204],"stimuli.":[41],"Stimuli":[42],"were":[43],"dot-patterns":[45],"containing":[46],"varying":[47],"amounts":[48],"about":[51],"a":[52,103,136,158,190],"vertical":[53],"axis.":[54],"Symmetrical":[55],"matched-pairs":[56],"were:":[57],"(i)":[58],"relocated":[59,71],"to":[60,152,170],"multiple":[61,67,148],"successive,":[62],"but":[63,84,102,185],"random":[64],"locations":[65,68,76,79,149],"(i.e.,":[66,77,94,111],"condition);":[69,80],"(ii)":[70],"between":[72],"same":[74],"two":[75,78],"(iii)":[81],"not,":[82],"relocated,":[83,101],"their":[85],"was":[88,106,187],"modulated":[89,183,209],"at":[90,108],"different":[91,198],"temporal":[92,125],"frequencies":[93],"one":[95],"location":[96],"condition),":[97],"(iv)":[99],"not":[100],"single":[104],"presented":[107],"full":[109],"static":[112,155,207],"condition).":[113],"In":[114],"conditions,":[117,156],"varied":[119],"elements\u2019":[121],"frequency":[126],"modulation.":[129],"We":[130],"measured":[131],"detection":[133,202],"thresholds":[134],"using":[135],"two-interval":[137],"forced":[138],"choice":[139],"procedure.":[140],"Our":[141],"results":[142],"show":[143],"improved":[144,178],"performance":[145],"for":[146,179],"condition":[150],"compared":[151],"two-location":[153],"suggesting":[157],"cumulative":[159],"process":[160],"whereby":[161],"weak":[162],"information":[164],"is":[165],"integrated":[166],"spatiotemporal":[168],"filters":[169],"increase":[171],"overall":[172],"signal":[174],"strength.":[175],"Performance":[176],"also":[177],"static,":[181],"patterns,":[184],"this":[186],"explained":[188],"reduction":[191],"perceived":[193],"density.":[194],"This":[195],"suggests":[196],"mechanisms":[199],"mediate":[200],"stimuli":[205],"patterns.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}