{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2796667770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10040108","title":"Age Estimation Robust to Optical and Motion Blurring by Deep Residual CNN","display_name":"Age Estimation Robust to Optical and Motion Blurring by Deep Residual CNN","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2796667770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10040108","mag":"2796667770"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym10040108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10040108","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/4/108/pdf?version=1525348363","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/4/108/pdf?version=1525348363","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034923019","display_name":"Jeon-Seong Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7061-5794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeon Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064852814","display_name":"Chan Hyeong Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0667-0481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chan Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100389578","display_name":"Young Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0126-3112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Young Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052976267","display_name":"Se Woon Cho","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Se Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045976228","display_name":"Kang Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4187-587X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kang Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045976228"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":1.1664,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83563208,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"4","first_page":"108","last_page":"108"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9739000201225281,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.968500018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.773698091506958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7534713745117188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7494666576385498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7000013589859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-estimation","display_name":"Motion estimation","score":0.6055514216423035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.5846012234687805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5289222002029419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion","display_name":"Motion (physics)","score":0.5012073516845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.4682886004447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.41462385654449463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.07173076272010803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.773698091506958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7534713745117188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7494666576385498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7000013589859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10161872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557891","display_name":"Motion estimation","level":2,"score":0.6055514216423035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5846012234687805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5289222002029419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5012073516845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.4682886004447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.41462385654449463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.07173076272010803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym10040108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10040108","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/4/108/pdf?version=1525348363","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ba9b812dac214ddd9302606e000e0548","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ba9b812dac214ddd9302606e000e0548","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 10, Iss 4, p 108 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/10/4/108/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym10040108","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym10040108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10040108","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/4/108/pdf?version=1525348363","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2796667770.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901295546","https://openalex.org/W1905153633","https://openalex.org/W1931143803","https://openalex.org/W2054309041","https://openalex.org/W2067431615","https://openalex.org/W2073351001","https://openalex.org/W2103077782","https://openalex.org/W2105026179","https://openalex.org/W2106488920","https://openalex.org/W2115394472","https://openalex.org/W2132852291","https://openalex.org/W2143419529","https://openalex.org/W2152641030","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2163626514","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2218097338","https://openalex.org/W2239239723","https://openalex.org/W2242218935","https://openalex.org/W2294927881","https://openalex.org/W2329398414","https://openalex.org/W2440214111","https://openalex.org/W2472456744","https://openalex.org/W2474497741","https://openalex.org/W2602680136","https://openalex.org/W2729649855","https://openalex.org/W2963186101","https://openalex.org/W2963620158","https://openalex.org/W4234930470","https://openalex.org/W6663834565","https://openalex.org/W6682889407","https://openalex.org/W6702310129"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2560215812","https://openalex.org/W2949601986","https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3029198973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"real-time":[1],"human":[2],"age":[3,22,36,76,87,115,171],"estimation":[4,23,88,172],"based":[5],"on":[6,86],"facial":[7,67],"images":[8,93,141],"has":[9],"been":[10],"applied":[11],"in":[12,28,46,64],"various":[13,50,121,136],"areas.":[14],"Underneath":[15],"this":[16,101],"phenomenon":[17],"lies":[18],"an":[19,25],"awareness":[20],"that":[21],"plays":[24],"important":[26],"role":[27],"applying":[29],"big":[30],"data":[31],"to":[32,75,120,163],"target":[33],"marketing":[34],"for":[35,91,114],"groups,":[37],"product":[38],"demand":[39],"surveys,":[40],"consumer":[41],"trend":[42],"analysis,":[43],"etc.":[44],"However,":[45],"a":[47,62,108],"real-world":[48],"environment,":[49],"optical":[51,122,137],"and":[52,123,138,150],"motion":[53,124,139],"blurring":[54,97,125],"effects":[55,59,126],"can":[56],"occur.":[57],"Such":[58],"usually":[60],"cause":[61],"problem":[63],"fully":[65],"capturing":[66],"features":[68],"such":[69],"as":[70],"wrinkles,":[71],"which":[72,117,158],"are":[73,159],"essential":[74],"estimation,":[77,116],"thereby":[78],"degrading":[79],"accuracy.":[80],"Most":[81],"of":[82,107,127],"the":[83,105,144,164,166,175],"previous":[84,176],"studies":[85],"were":[89],"conducted":[90],"input":[92],"almost":[94],"free":[95],"from":[96,143],"effect.":[98],"To":[99],"overcome":[100],"limitation,":[102],"we":[103],"propose":[104],"use":[106],"deep":[109],"ResNet-152":[110],"convolutional":[111],"neural":[112],"network":[113],"is":[118],"robust":[119],"visible":[128],"light":[129],"camera":[130],"sensors.":[131],"We":[132],"performed":[133],"experiments":[134],"with":[135],"blurred":[140],"created":[142],"park":[145],"aging":[146],"mind":[147],"laboratory":[148],"(PAL)":[149],"craniofacial":[151],"longitudinal":[152],"morphological":[153],"face":[154],"database":[155],"(MORPH)":[156],"databases,":[157],"publicly":[160],"available.":[161],"According":[162],"results,":[165],"proposed":[167],"method":[168],"exhibited":[169],"better":[170],"performance":[173],"than":[174],"methods.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
