{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2791488611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10020048","title":"MetrIntSimil\u2014An Accurate and Robust Metric for Comparison of Similarity in Intelligence of Any Number of Cooperative Multiagent Systems","display_name":"MetrIntSimil\u2014An Accurate and Robust Metric for Comparison of Similarity in Intelligence of Any Number of Cooperative Multiagent Systems","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-02-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2791488611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10020048","mag":"2791488611"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym10020048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10020048","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/2/48/pdf?version=1519293272","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/2/48/pdf?version=1519293272","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014955909","display_name":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Barna Iantovics","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6254-9291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090415","display_name":"Universitatea Petru Maior din T\u00eergu Mure\u015f","ror":"https://ror.org/009maf963","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090415"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Laszlo Iantovics","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department Informatics, Petru Maior University, 540088 Targu Mures, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6254-9291","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department Informatics, Petru Maior University, 540088 Targu Mures, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090415"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044244385","display_name":"Matthias Dehmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-5857"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136249","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria","ror":"https://ror.org/03jqp6d56","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136249"]}],"countries":["AT","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Dehmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China","Department Production and Operations Management, Faculty of Management, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Campus Steyr, Wehrgrabengasse 1-3, 4400 Steyr, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department Production and Operations Management, Faculty of Management, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Campus Steyr, Wehrgrabengasse 1-3, 4400 Steyr, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136249"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057625030","display_name":"Frank Emmert\u2010Streib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0745-5641"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133110","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":null,"country_code":"FI","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Emmert-Streib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Predictive Medicine and Data Analytics Lab, Tampere University of Technology, 33720 Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Predictive Medicine and Data Analytics Lab, Tampere University of Technology, 33720 Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014955909"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090415"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":564,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":608},"fwci":0.9332,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81484364,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"48","last_page":"48"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9649999737739563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.9519000053405762,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.683184027671814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-system","display_name":"Multi-agent system","score":0.6430683732032776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5451003313064575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-intelligence","display_name":"Computational intelligence","score":0.516244649887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universality","display_name":"Universality (dynamical systems)","score":0.4533906579017639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/travelling-salesman-problem","display_name":"Travelling salesman problem","score":0.4238680899143219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-agent","display_name":"Intelligent agent","score":0.4216911196708679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity-measure","display_name":"Similarity measure","score":0.4162783920764923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4139779806137085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3574930429458618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3472171425819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.18973377346992493}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.683184027671814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.6430683732032776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5451003313064575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139502532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122090","display_name":"Computational intelligence","level":2,"score":0.516244649887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183992945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2495574","display_name":"Universality (dynamical systems)","level":2,"score":0.4533906579017639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175859090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322212","display_name":"Travelling salesman problem","level":2,"score":0.4238680899143219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74072328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142726","display_name":"Intelligent agent","level":2,"score":0.4216911196708679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776517306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29017317","display_name":"Similarity measure","level":2,"score":0.4162783920764923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4139779806137085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3574930429458618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3472171425819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.18973377346992493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym10020048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10020048","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/2/48/pdf?version=1519293272","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1b965d886ede4522ba95934fcdb153e3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1b965d886ede4522ba95934fcdb153e3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 10, Iss 2, p 48 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/10/2/48/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym10020048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry; Volume 10; Issue 2; Pages: 48","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:trepo.tuni.fi:10024/214658","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/214658","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055260","display_name":"Trepo - Institutional Repository of Tampere University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym10020048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10020048","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/2/48/pdf?version=1519293272","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":86,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W684736","https://openalex.org/W10394924","https://openalex.org/W62220077","https://openalex.org/W268823443","https://openalex.org/W404240460","https://openalex.org/W1557354707","https://openalex.org/W1560628405","https://openalex.org/W1571736246","https://openalex.org/W1801849579","https://openalex.org/W1940168454","https://openalex.org/W1949376864","https://openalex.org/W1972978214","https://openalex.org/W1974828111","https://openalex.org/W1977007275","https://openalex.org/W1978858279","https://openalex.org/W1992943471","https://openalex.org/W1997404989","https://openalex.org/W1998671598","https://openalex.org/W2003186772","https://openalex.org/W2005717792","https://openalex.org/W2006217757","https://openalex.org/W2009358064","https://openalex.org/W2014538668","https://openalex.org/W2023340877","https://openalex.org/W2039486340","https://openalex.org/W2041282815","https://openalex.org/W2051794358","https://openalex.org/W2055828448","https://openalex.org/W2061056614","https://openalex.org/W2066356146","https://openalex.org/W2077470872","https://openalex.org/W2087034267","https://openalex.org/W2089635442","https://openalex.org/W2094943739","https://openalex.org/W2095454340","https://openalex.org/W2098856147","https://openalex.org/W2102807025","https://openalex.org/W2110381504","https://openalex.org/W2111563176","https://openalex.org/W2113353993","https://openalex.org/W2117553866","https://openalex.org/W2117703827","https://openalex.org/W2131478350","https://openalex.org/W2134807165","https://openalex.org/W2152643341","https://openalex.org/W2160303098","https://openalex.org/W2161420691","https://openalex.org/W2166410674","https://openalex.org/W2171818889","https://openalex.org/W2178399748","https://openalex.org/W2181345774","https://openalex.org/W2318802957","https://openalex.org/W2326445345","https://openalex.org/W2399100674","https://openalex.org/W2485119932","https://openalex.org/W2509749580","https://openalex.org/W2511628363","https://openalex.org/W2513569742","https://openalex.org/W2552892476","https://openalex.org/W2613338245","https://openalex.org/W2614438451","https://openalex.org/W2616841206","https://openalex.org/W2746424315","https://openalex.org/W2747021333","https://openalex.org/W2760544841","https://openalex.org/W2766922800","https://openalex.org/W2767463172","https://openalex.org/W2784135336","https://openalex.org/W2911296969","https://openalex.org/W2914985747","https://openalex.org/W3105927553","https://openalex.org/W3153490429","https://openalex.org/W4233579423","https://openalex.org/W4239953570","https://openalex.org/W4246354717","https://openalex.org/W4254426776","https://openalex.org/W4255655703","https://openalex.org/W6600181308","https://openalex.org/W6600459173","https://openalex.org/W6613934775","https://openalex.org/W6629566668","https://openalex.org/W6640942514","https://openalex.org/W6682334539","https://openalex.org/W6683203136","https://openalex.org/W6697634807","https://openalex.org/W6712579731"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1525389557","https://openalex.org/W2361554335","https://openalex.org/W2164188042","https://openalex.org/W2359992618","https://openalex.org/W4306878646","https://openalex.org/W2054495636","https://openalex.org/W3005108979","https://openalex.org/W2913191894","https://openalex.org/W4389782626","https://openalex.org/W4376138746"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intelligent":[0],"cooperative":[1,88,131,140,150,174,202],"multiagent":[2,89,132,141,151,175,203],"systems":[3,90,142,176,204],"are":[4,22],"applied":[5,210],"for":[6,199,211],"solving":[7,127,158,171,212],"a":[8,64,114,136,196,221,237],"large":[9,106],"range":[10],"of":[11,32,41,71,79,84,87,108,128,138,190,206,223,230,263],"real-life":[12],"problems,":[13],"including":[14],"in":[15,46,51,54,82,92,122,124,147,155,168,183,236,257],"domains":[16],"like":[17],"biology":[18],"and":[19,57,75,160,268],"healthcare.":[20],"There":[21],"very":[23],"few":[24],"metrics":[25,44],"able":[26],"to":[27,280,292],"make":[28],"an":[29,73,99],"effective":[30],"measure":[31],"the":[33,42,47,52,80,105,120,125,129,139,156,184,188,191,213,228,232,255,277,288,293],"machine":[34],"intelligence":[35,83,123,167,179,265,282,295],"quotient.":[36],"The":[37,96,249,272],"most":[38],"important":[39,100],"drawbacks":[40],"designed":[43,109],"presented":[45],"scientific":[48],"literature":[49],"consist":[50],"limitation":[53],"universality,":[55],"accuracy,":[56],"robustness.":[58],"In":[59],"this":[60],"paper,":[61],"we":[62,194],"propose":[63],"novel":[65],"universal":[66],"metric":[67],"called":[68],"MetrIntSimil":[69,112],"capable":[70],"making":[72],"accurate":[74],"robust":[76],"symmetric":[77],"comparison":[78,115],"similarity":[81,146],"any":[85],"number":[86],"specialized":[91],"difficult":[93],"problem":[94,126,157,170,229],"solving.":[95],"universality":[97],"is":[98,220,227,254,284],"necessary":[101],"property":[102],"based":[103,143],"on":[104,144],"variety":[107],"intelligent":[110,201,286],"systems.":[111,133],"makes":[113],"by":[116],"taking":[117],"into":[118],"consideration":[119],"variability":[121,154],"compared":[130],"It":[134],"allows":[135],"classification":[137],"their":[145],"intelligence.":[148],"A":[149],"system":[152],"has":[153],"intelligence,":[159],"it":[161],"can":[162,180],"manifest":[163],"lower":[164],"or":[165,246],"higher":[166],"different":[169],"tasks.":[172],"More":[173],"with":[177],"similar":[178,264],"be":[181],"included":[182],"same":[185,256],"class.":[186,296],"For":[187],"evaluation":[189],"proposed":[192],"metric,":[193],"conducted":[195],"case":[197],"study":[198],"more":[200],"composed":[205],"simple":[207],"computing":[208],"agents":[209,289],"Symmetric":[214],"Travelling":[215],"Salesman":[216],"Problem":[217],"(STSP)":[218],"that":[219,241,276,290],"class":[222,283],"NP-hard":[224],"problems.":[225],"STSP":[226],"finding":[231],"shortest":[233],"Hamiltonian":[234],"cycle/tour":[235],"weighted":[238],"undirected":[239],"graph":[240],"does":[242],"not":[243],"have":[244],"loops":[245],"multiple":[247],"edges.":[248],"distance":[250],"between":[251],"two":[252],"cities":[253],"each":[258],"opposite":[259],"direction.":[260],"Two":[261],"classes":[262],"denoted":[266],"IntClassA":[267,281],"IntClassB":[269,294],"were":[270],"identified.":[271],"experimental":[273],"results":[274],"show":[275],"agent":[278],"belonging":[279],"less":[285],"than":[287],"belong":[291]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}