{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128924078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/software5010009","title":"Verifying Machine Learning Interpretability and Explainability Requirements Through Provenance","display_name":"Verifying Machine Learning Interpretability and Explainability Requirements Through Provenance","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128924078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/software5010009"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/software5010009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/software5010009","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2674-113X/5/1/9/pdf?version=1771060796","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183365","display_name":"Software","issn_l":"2674-113X","issn":["2674-113X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2674-113X/5/1/9/pdf?version=1771060796","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099464011","display_name":"Lynn Vonderhaar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84475105","display_name":"Embry\u2013Riddle Aeronautical University","ror":"https://ror.org/010jskt71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lynn Vonderhaar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093241361","display_name":"Juan Ortiz Couder","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84475105","display_name":"Embry\u2013Riddle Aeronautical University","ror":"https://ror.org/010jskt71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Couder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088933959","display_name":"Tyler Procko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7801-0124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84475105","display_name":"Embry\u2013Riddle Aeronautical University","ror":"https://ror.org/010jskt71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tyler Thomas Procko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126009404","display_name":"Eva Lueddeke","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84475105","display_name":"Embry\u2013Riddle Aeronautical University","ror":"https://ror.org/010jskt71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eva Lueddeke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126026771","display_name":"Daryela Cisneros","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84475105","display_name":"Embry\u2013Riddle Aeronautical University","ror":"https://ror.org/010jskt71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daryela Cisneros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125550819","display_name":"Omar Ochoa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84475105","display_name":"Embry\u2013Riddle Aeronautical University","ror":"https://ror.org/010jskt71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omar Ochoa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5099464011"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":34.3242,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9949284,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"9","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.7991999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.7991999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.09449999779462814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.02630000002682209,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.9804999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operationalization","display_name":"Operationalization","score":0.6628000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.5351999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/requirements-engineering","display_name":"Requirements engineering","score":0.27410000562667847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.9804999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6901999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.6628000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6108999848365784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.595300018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.5351999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6604083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376937","display_name":"Requirements engineering","level":3,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49895821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227368","display_name":"Data verification","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/software5010009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/software5010009","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2674-113X/5/1/9/pdf?version=1771060796","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183365","display_name":"Software","issn_l":"2674-113X","issn":["2674-113X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0d8ff58f7bee4b6cab3ffc9a771c699c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0d8ff58f7bee4b6cab3ffc9a771c699c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Software, Vol 5, Iss 1, p 9 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/software5010009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/software5010009","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2674-113X/5/1/9/pdf?version=1771060796","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183365","display_name":"Software","issn_l":"2674-113X","issn":["2674-113X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.44617968797683716}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128924078.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"learning":[1],"(ML)":[2],"engineering":[3,11],"increasingly":[4],"incorporates":[5],"principles":[6],"from":[7],"software":[8],"and":[9,24,30,62,73,93,103,119,125],"requirements":[10,19,34,68],"to":[12,28,76,89],"improve":[13],"development":[14],"rigor;":[15],"however,":[16],"key":[17],"non-functional":[18],"(NFRs)":[20],"such":[21],"as":[22],"interpretability":[23,61,102,118],"explainability":[25,63,104,120],"remain":[26],"difficult":[27],"specify":[29],"verify":[31],"using":[32],"traditional":[33],"practices.":[35],"Although":[36],"prior":[37],"work":[38],"defines":[39],"these":[40],"qualities":[41],"conceptually,":[42],"their":[43,96],"lack":[44],"of":[45],"measurable":[46],"criteria":[47],"prevents":[48],"systematic":[49],"verification.":[50],"This":[51],"paper":[52],"presents":[53],"a":[54],"novel":[55],"provenance-driven":[56],"approach":[57,82],"that":[58,109],"decomposes":[59],"ML":[60,110,130],"NFRs":[64],"into":[65,121],"verifiable":[66],"functional":[67],"(FRs)":[69],"by":[70],"leveraging":[71],"model":[72,78],"data":[74],"provenance":[75,86,111],"make":[77],"behavior":[79],"transparent.":[80],"The":[81,106],"identifies":[83],"the":[84],"specific":[85],"artifacts":[87],"required":[88],"validate":[90],"each":[91],"FR":[92],"demonstrates":[94],"how":[95],"verification":[97],"collectively":[98],"establishes":[99],"compliance":[100],"with":[101],"NFRs.":[105],"results":[107],"show":[108],"can":[112],"operationalize":[113],"otherwise":[114],"abstract":[115],"NFRs,":[116],"transforming":[117],"quantifiable,":[122],"testable":[123],"properties":[124],"enabling":[126],"more":[127],"rigorous,":[128],"requirements-based":[129],"engineering.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-30T08:08:38.191290","created_date":"2026-02-15T00:00:00"}