{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2157376615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s91108896","title":"Sensor for Distance Measurement Using Pixel Grey-Level Information","display_name":"Sensor for Distance Measurement Using Pixel Grey-Level Information","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2157376615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s91108896","mag":"2157376615","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22291543"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s91108896","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s91108896","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/9/11/8896/pdf?version=1403311864","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/9/11/8896/pdf?version=1403311864","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020643524","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Luis L\u00e1zaro Galilea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5048-7134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 L. L\u00e1zaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, Polytechnic School, University Campus, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5048-7134","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, Polytechnic School, University Campus, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108516904","display_name":"\u00c1ngel E. Cano","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199856841","display_name":"Universidad de Oriente","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqap970","country_code":"CU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199856841"]}],"countries":["CU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angel E. Cano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telecommunications Department, Oriente University, Av. de las Am\u00e9ricas, SN, Santiago de Cuba 90900, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecommunications Department, Oriente University, Av. de las Am\u00e9ricas, SN, Santiago de Cuba 90900, Cuba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199856841"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100685131","display_name":"Pedro R. Fern\u00e1ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9725-8478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro R. Fern\u00e1ndez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, Polytechnic School, University Campus, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics Department, University of Alcal\u00e1, Polytechnic School, University Campus, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042160092","display_name":"Yamilet Pompa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199856841","display_name":"Universidad de Oriente","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqap970","country_code":"CU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199856841"]}],"countries":["CU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yamilet Pompa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telecommunications Department, Oriente University, Av. de las Am\u00e9ricas, SN, Santiago de Cuba 90900, Cuba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecommunications Department, Oriente University, Av. de las Am\u00e9ricas, SN, Santiago de Cuba 90900, Cuba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199856841"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020643524"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":22.6055,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99089845,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"11","first_page":"8896","last_page":"8906"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-square-law","display_name":"Inverse-square law","score":0.5952593684196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irradiance","display_name":"Irradiance","score":0.5858572721481323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grey-level","display_name":"Grey level","score":0.5858355164527893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5805076360702515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5566866993904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5491509437561035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/common-emitter","display_name":"Common emitter","score":0.5256541967391968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse","display_name":"Inverse","score":0.47602158784866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.45755186676979065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4333322048187256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.42963850498199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3533005118370056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3275807201862335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.31072670221328735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.20695555210113525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1392047107219696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.0986221432685852}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38753444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333094","display_name":"Inverse-square law","level":3,"score":0.5952593684196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46423501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830654","display_name":"Irradiance","level":2,"score":0.5858572721481323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994222927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Grey level","level":3,"score":0.5858355164527893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5805076360702515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5566866993904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5491509437561035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46918542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648344","display_name":"Common emitter","level":2,"score":0.5256541967391968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207467116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4385666","display_name":"Inverse","level":2,"score":0.47602158784866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.45755186676979065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4333322048187256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.42963850498199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3533005118370056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3275807201862335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.31072670221328735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20695555210113525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1392047107219696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.0986221432685852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124017977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11412","display_name":"Gravitation","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s91108896","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s91108896","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/9/11/8896/pdf?version=1403311864","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22291543","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22291543","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2272461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3260620","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:91db614674c64d329adaec2c72bdb9b0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/91db614674c64d329adaec2c72bdb9b0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 9, Iss 11, Pp 8896-8906 (2009)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/9/11/8896/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s91108896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 9; Issue 11; Pages: 8896-8906","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s91108896","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s91108896","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/9/11/8896/pdf?version=1403311864","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306115","display_name":"United States Agency for International Development","ror":"https://ror.org/01n6e6j62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322146","display_name":"Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/04dxd1f80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323755","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334954","display_name":"Agencia Espa\u00f1ola de Cooperaci\u00f3n Internacional para el Desarrollo","ror":"https://ror.org/00r6akf90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2157376615.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2157376615.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W164680077","https://openalex.org/W988466463","https://openalex.org/W1505723240","https://openalex.org/W1662729581","https://openalex.org/W1858728545","https://openalex.org/W1968393366","https://openalex.org/W2016644209","https://openalex.org/W2017795721","https://openalex.org/W2033819227","https://openalex.org/W2043003144","https://openalex.org/W2078264519","https://openalex.org/W2095808291","https://openalex.org/W2104745266","https://openalex.org/W2130700878","https://openalex.org/W2143736264","https://openalex.org/W2157641950","https://openalex.org/W2160972178","https://openalex.org/W2170777461","https://openalex.org/W2209124607","https://openalex.org/W2314640532","https://openalex.org/W2619652930","https://openalex.org/W2969077052","https://openalex.org/W3022352042","https://openalex.org/W3023244487","https://openalex.org/W6679358826"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2949527597","https://openalex.org/W2147777774","https://openalex.org/W963760361","https://openalex.org/W2082994438","https://openalex.org/W2790856699","https://openalex.org/W1545597883","https://openalex.org/W2072442315","https://openalex.org/W2606779610","https://openalex.org/W2089441467","https://openalex.org/W2157376615"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"alternative":[1],"method":[2],"for":[3,94],"distance":[4,32,57,62,95],"measurement":[5],"is":[6,52],"presented,":[7],"based":[8],"on":[9],"a":[10,44,86,98,105],"radiometric":[11],"approach":[12],"to":[13,29,60,100],"the":[14,31,34,37,47,61,64,67,108,111],"image":[15,49,75,81],"formation":[16],"process.":[17],"The":[18],"proposed":[19],"methodology":[20],"uses":[21],"images":[22],"from":[23],"an":[24],"infrared":[25],"emitting":[26],"diode":[27],"(IRED)":[28],"estimate":[30],"between":[33,63],"camera":[35,65,109],"and":[36,66,78,92,110],"IRED.":[38,68],"Camera":[39],"output":[40],"grey-level":[41,76],"intensities":[42],"are":[43],"function":[45],"of":[46],"accumulated":[48,80],"irradiance,":[50,82],"which":[51,89],"also":[53],"related":[54],"by":[55],"inverse":[56],"square":[58],"law":[59],"Analyzing":[69],"camera-IRED":[70],"distance,":[71],"magnitudes":[72],"that":[73],"affected":[74],"intensities,":[77],"therefore":[79],"were":[83,113],"integrated":[84],"into":[85],"differential":[87],"model":[88],"was":[90],"calibrated":[91],"used":[93],"estimation":[96],"over":[97],"200":[99],"600":[101],"cm":[102],"range.":[103],"In":[104],"preliminary":[106],"model,":[107],"emitter":[112],"aligned.":[114]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
