{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403242927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196494","title":"Improving Non-Line-of-Sight Identification in Cellular Positioning Systems Using a Deep Autoencoding and Generative Adversarial Network Model","display_name":"Improving Non-Line-of-Sight Identification in Cellular Positioning Systems Using a Deep Autoencoding and Generative Adversarial Network Model","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403242927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196494","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39409534"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24196494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196494","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075616208","display_name":"Yanbiao Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9090-3961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanbiao Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9090-3961","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100635057","display_name":"Zhongliang Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1458-3978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongliang Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031223720","display_name":"Yuqi Huo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1202-4791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuqi Huo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101511923","display_name":"Wenyan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4821-9306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenyan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075616208"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.5057,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59166437,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"19","first_page":"6494","last_page":"6494"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.8567135334014893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7302656173706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminator","display_name":"Discriminator","score":0.6213239431381226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.49270251393318176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47120875120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4454953670501709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4372895658016205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.24475061893463135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2441047728061676}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.8567135334014893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7302656173706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779803651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282088","display_name":"Discriminator","level":3,"score":0.6213239431381226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.49270251393318176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47120875120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4454953670501709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4372895658016205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.24475061893463135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2441047728061676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24196494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39409534","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39409534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11479354","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11479354","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11479354/pdf/sensors-24-06494.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2c6dd441f1934431960c8ea53e8cdee1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2c6dd441f1934431960c8ea53e8cdee1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 19, p 6494 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24196494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5527974791","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB3904603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":82,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1170926067","https://openalex.org/W1966409208","https://openalex.org/W2024669213","https://openalex.org/W2053757129","https://openalex.org/W2064250010","https://openalex.org/W2129088323","https://openalex.org/W2130381586","https://openalex.org/W2138114662","https://openalex.org/W2154962128","https://openalex.org/W2162718622","https://openalex.org/W2278572312","https://openalex.org/W2323194974","https://openalex.org/W2402514617","https://openalex.org/W2516866958","https://openalex.org/W2527923112","https://openalex.org/W2564810971","https://openalex.org/W2592975443","https://openalex.org/W2593512231","https://openalex.org/W2601635289","https://openalex.org/W2612702209","https://openalex.org/W2765266302","https://openalex.org/W2783934138","https://openalex.org/W2794167353","https://openalex.org/W2892417760","https://openalex.org/W2894071523","https://openalex.org/W2901028629","https://openalex.org/W2906893531","https://openalex.org/W2909431601","https://openalex.org/W2925312408","https://openalex.org/W2947814424","https://openalex.org/W2951937649","https://openalex.org/W2954884584","https://openalex.org/W2958580016","https://openalex.org/W2963045681","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2966035132","https://openalex.org/W2968635623","https://openalex.org/W2973124323","https://openalex.org/W2982007490","https://openalex.org/W2985031189","https://openalex.org/W2985641149","https://openalex.org/W2996184925","https://openalex.org/W2998114618","https://openalex.org/W3001909141","https://openalex.org/W3023622710","https://openalex.org/W3034216243","https://openalex.org/W3080980548","https://openalex.org/W3106902366","https://openalex.org/W3134406316","https://openalex.org/W3170240583","https://openalex.org/W3172848798","https://openalex.org/W4285283080","https://openalex.org/W4291916147","https://openalex.org/W4307488568","https://openalex.org/W4310014952","https://openalex.org/W4311769714","https://openalex.org/W4321609252","https://openalex.org/W4360770888","https://openalex.org/W4362590838","https://openalex.org/W4362683579","https://openalex.org/W4375928891","https://openalex.org/W4383737635","https://openalex.org/W4386918891","https://openalex.org/W4387321650","https://openalex.org/W4389921970","https://openalex.org/W4391755939","https://openalex.org/W4392649783","https://openalex.org/W4393079561","https://openalex.org/W4394630032","https://openalex.org/W4396575970","https://openalex.org/W4399883669","https://openalex.org/W6618372016","https://openalex.org/W6627707448","https://openalex.org/W6666438571","https://openalex.org/W6751494907","https://openalex.org/W6846527720","https://openalex.org/W6847433405","https://openalex.org/W6847465999","https://openalex.org/W6856995768","https://openalex.org/W6862787123","https://openalex.org/W6864873572","https://openalex.org/W6865749012"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2172272784","https://openalex.org/W2003817535","https://openalex.org/W4307436769","https://openalex.org/W4323793210","https://openalex.org/W2366306259","https://openalex.org/W3101720559","https://openalex.org/W4293202849","https://openalex.org/W1980965563","https://openalex.org/W1489300767","https://openalex.org/W2143447014"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Positioning":[0],"service":[1],"is":[2,45],"a":[3,65,79,94,146],"critical":[4],"technology":[5,27],"that":[6,30,73],"bridges":[7],"the":[8,54,87,102,131,134,139,151],"physical":[9],"world":[10],"with":[11],"digital":[12],"information,":[13],"significantly":[14],"enhancing":[15],"efficiency":[16],"and":[17,21,38,58,108,144,177],"convenience":[18],"in":[19,105,165],"life":[20],"work.":[22],"The":[23,125],"evolution":[24],"of":[25,36,56,90,141,180],"5G":[26,106],"has":[28],"proven":[29],"positioning":[31,43,167],"services":[32],"are":[33],"integral":[34],"components":[35],"current":[37],"future":[39,166],"cellular":[40],"networks.":[41],"However,":[42],"accuracy":[44],"hindered":[46],"by":[47,117,157],"non-line-of-sight":[48],"(NLoS)":[49],"propagation,":[50],"which":[51],"severely":[52],"affects":[53],"measurements":[55],"angles":[57],"delays.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61],"study,":[62],"we":[63],"introduced":[64],"deep":[66],"autoencoding":[67],"channel":[68],"transform-generative":[69],"adversarial":[70],"network":[71],"model":[72,104,136],"utilizes":[74],"line-of-sight":[75],"(LoS)":[76],"samples":[77],"as":[78,96],"singular":[80],"category":[81],"training":[82],"set":[83],"to":[84,130,169,175],"fully":[85],"extract":[86],"latent":[88],"features":[89],"LoS,":[91],"ultimately":[92],"employing":[93],"discriminator":[95],"an":[97],"NLoS":[98],"identifier.":[99],"We":[100],"validated":[101],"proposed":[103,135],"indoor":[107,109],"factory":[110],"(dense":[111],"clutter,":[112],"low":[113],"base":[114],"station)":[115],"scenarios":[116],"assessing":[118],"its":[119],"generalization":[120],"capability":[121],"across":[122],"different":[123],"scenarios.":[124],"results":[126],"indicate":[127],"that,":[128],"compared":[129],"state-of-the-art":[132],"method,":[133],"markedly":[137],"diminished":[138],"utilization":[140],"device":[142],"resources":[143],"achieved":[145],"2.15%":[147],"higher":[148],"area":[149],"under":[150],"curve":[152],"while":[153],"reducing":[154],"computing":[155],"time":[156],"12.6%.":[158],"This":[159],"approach":[160],"holds":[161],"promise":[162],"for":[163],"deployment":[164],"terminals":[168],"achieve":[170],"superior":[171],"localization":[172],"precision,":[173],"catering":[174],"commercial":[176],"industrial":[178],"Internet":[179],"Things":[181],"applications.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}