{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403107823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196406","title":"Design of a High-Power Nanosecond Electromagnetic Pulse Radiation System for Verifying Spaceborne Detectors","display_name":"Design of a High-Power Nanosecond Electromagnetic Pulse Radiation System for Verifying Spaceborne Detectors","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403107823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196406","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39409446"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24196406","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196406","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/19/6406/pdf?version=1728366504","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/19/6406/pdf?version=1728366504","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101718884","display_name":"Tianchi Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianchi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069875986","display_name":"Zongxiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7930-0393"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zongxiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107701853","display_name":"Changjiao Duan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changjiao Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China","State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100382729","display_name":"Lihua Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1367-9986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lihua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China","State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110034765","display_name":"Yong\u2010Li Wei","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongli Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086216090","display_name":"Kejie Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0289-2650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kejie Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100658181","display_name":"Xin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1670-1368"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060414207","display_name":"Baofeng Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9371-5862"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Baofeng Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060414207","https://openalex.org/A5100658181"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.9481,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76216561,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"19","first_page":"6406","last_page":"6406"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11920","display_name":"Pulsed Power Technology Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12495","display_name":"Electrostatic Discharge in Electronics","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-pulse","display_name":"Electromagnetic pulse","score":0.638444185256958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.5499274134635925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5002996921539307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.45118552446365356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiation-pattern","display_name":"Radiation pattern","score":0.43430736660957336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4200330972671509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3860529959201813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.34387239813804626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.33388638496398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2878669500350952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.28039368987083435}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14589660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64122","display_name":"Electromagnetic pulse","level":2,"score":0.638444185256958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.5499274134635925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5002996921539307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.45118552446365356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151764478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q571921","display_name":"Radiation pattern","level":3,"score":0.43430736660957336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4200330972671509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3860529959201813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.34387239813804626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.33388638496398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2878669500350952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.28039368987083435}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24196406","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196406","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/19/6406/pdf?version=1728366504","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39409446","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39409446","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11479138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11479138","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11479138/pdf/sensors-24-06406.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e152eddf069441eca9b6592d52a01047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e152eddf069441eca9b6592d52a01047","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 19, p 6406 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24196406","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196406","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/19/6406/pdf?version=1728366504","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3558082313","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52007046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403107823.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403107823.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W883439788","https://openalex.org/W2026814595","https://openalex.org/W2030271517","https://openalex.org/W2156353051","https://openalex.org/W2162161080","https://openalex.org/W2314500510","https://openalex.org/W2533072486","https://openalex.org/W2609138915","https://openalex.org/W2783282515","https://openalex.org/W2802436746","https://openalex.org/W2885701680","https://openalex.org/W2916490692","https://openalex.org/W3158899552","https://openalex.org/W4360979809","https://openalex.org/W4381108190","https://openalex.org/W4388615859","https://openalex.org/W4392411022","https://openalex.org/W4399355341","https://openalex.org/W4400496969","https://openalex.org/W6638314525"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033921874","https://openalex.org/W4390582938","https://openalex.org/W2060502882","https://openalex.org/W2128998788","https://openalex.org/W2964275097","https://openalex.org/W3199024512","https://openalex.org/W653026100","https://openalex.org/W2088443723","https://openalex.org/W2989818342","https://openalex.org/W1965263428"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,135,209],"Spaceborne":[1],"Global":[2],"Lightning":[3],"Location":[4],"Network":[5],"(SGLLN)":[6],"serves":[7],"the":[8,17,33,37,48,60,110,116,130,171,180,186,190,200,216,240,243,256,281,292,299,321,324],"purpose":[9],"of":[10,27,36,47,65,92,113,132,173,182,206,223,229,236,253,267,294,323],"identifying":[11],"transient":[12],"lightning":[13,66],"events":[14],"occurring":[15],"beneath":[16],"ionosphere,":[18],"playing":[19],"a":[20,44,74,81,105,139,193,204,219,226,233,260,263,276,304],"significant":[21],"role":[22],"in":[23,199,242,280,298],"detecting":[24],"and":[25,54,63,101,146,232,306,314],"warning":[26],"disaster":[28],"weather":[29],"events.":[30],"To":[31],"ensure":[32],"effective":[34],"functioning":[35],"wideband":[38],"electromagnetic":[39,76,95],"pulse":[40,77,96,234],"detector,":[41],"which":[42,288],"is":[43,86,90,148,176,197,246,289],"crucial":[45],"component":[46],"SGLLN,":[49],"it":[50,147],"must":[51],"be":[52],"tested":[53],"verified":[55],"with":[56,80,150,262,291],"specific":[57],"signals.":[58],"However,":[59],"inherent":[61],"randomness":[62],"unpredictability":[64],"occurrences":[67],"pose":[68],"challenges":[69],"to":[70,142,155,178],"this":[71,214,272],"requirement.":[72],"Consequently,":[73],"high-power":[75],"radiation":[78,187,308],"system":[79,89],"20":[82],"m":[83],"aperture":[84],"reflector":[85],"designed.":[87],"This":[88,301],"capable":[91],"emitting":[93],"nanosecond":[94],"signals":[97],"under":[98],"pre-set":[99],"spatial":[100],"temporal":[102],"conditions,":[103],"providing":[104],"controlled":[106],"environment":[107],"for":[108,166,310,319],"assessing":[109],"detection":[111],"capabilities":[112],"SGLLN.":[114],"In":[115],"design":[117,141],"phase,":[118,192],"an":[119,151,162,251,316],"exponentially":[120],"TEM":[121],"feed":[122,136,183],"antenna":[123,137,184],"has":[124,218],"been":[125],"designed":[126],"firstly":[127],"based":[128,169],"on":[129,170,185,326],"principle":[131,172],"high-gain":[133],"radiation.":[134],"adopts":[138],"pulser-integrated":[140],"mitigate":[143],"insulation":[144],"risks,":[145],"equipped":[149],"asymmetric":[152],"protective":[153],"loading":[154],"reduce":[156],"reflected":[157],"energy":[158],"by":[159],"85.7%.":[160],"Moreover,":[161],"innovative":[163],"assessment":[164],"method":[165],"gain":[167],"loss,":[168],"Love's":[174],"equivalence,":[175],"proposed":[177],"quantify":[179],"impact":[181,322],"field.":[188],"During":[189],"experimental":[191],"specialized":[194],"E-field":[195],"sensor":[196],"used":[198],"far-field":[201],"experiment":[202],"at":[203,213],"distance":[205],"400":[207],"m.":[208],"measurements":[210],"indicate":[211],"that":[212],"distance,":[215],"signal":[217,261,273,279,327],"peak":[220,264],"field":[221,265],"strength":[222,266],"2.2":[224],"kV/m,":[225],"rise":[227],"time":[228,244],"1.9":[230],"ns,":[231],"half-width":[235],"2.5":[237],"ns.":[238],"Additionally,":[239],"beamwidth":[241],"domain":[245],"less":[247],"than":[248],"10\u00b0.":[249],"At":[250],"altitude":[252],"500":[254],"km,":[255],"spaceborne":[257,312],"detector":[258],"records":[259],"approximately":[268],"10":[269],"mV/m.":[270],"Particularly,":[271],"transformed":[274],"into":[275],"nonlinear":[277],"frequency-modulated":[278],"microsecond":[282],"range":[283],"across":[284],"its":[285],"frequency":[286],"spectrum,":[287],"consistent":[290],"law":[293],"radio":[295],"wave":[296],"propagation":[297,328],"ionosphere.":[300],"study":[302],"offers":[303],"stable":[305],"robust":[307],"source":[309],"verifying":[311],"detectors":[313],"establishes":[315],"empirical":[317],"foundation":[318],"investigating":[320],"ionosphere":[325],"characteristics.":[329]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
