{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403075108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196389","title":"An Electrically Small Patch Antenna Sensor for Salt Concentration Measurement of NaCl Solution","display_name":"An Electrically Small Patch Antenna Sensor for Salt Concentration Measurement of NaCl Solution","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403075108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196389","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39409428"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24196389","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196389","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196389","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021397849","display_name":"Jinfeng Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3666-6763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinfeng Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center of Applied Electromagnetics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of Applied Electromagnetics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107849818","display_name":"Cheng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4564-7245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center of Applied Electromagnetics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of Applied Electromagnetics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019585298","display_name":"Xiao Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2529-1145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115456","display_name":"Chuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/037663q52","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115456"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biological Science and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239099, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2529-1145","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biological Science and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239099, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115456"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065660435","display_name":"Guowen Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6224-4567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guowen Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center of Applied Electromagnetics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of Applied Electromagnetics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040051965","display_name":"Shen\u2010Yun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4079-7945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shenyun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center of Applied Electromagnetics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4079-7945","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of Applied Electromagnetics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040051965"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.7481,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71586225,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"19","first_page":"6389","last_page":"6389"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11607","display_name":"Microwave and Dielectric Measurement Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11607","display_name":"Microwave and Dielectric Measurement Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11160","display_name":"Acoustic Wave Resonator Technologies","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-plane","display_name":"Ground plane","score":0.7726650238037109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave","display_name":"Microwave","score":0.6840426921844482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5902010798454285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.5749127268791199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substrate","display_name":"Substrate (aquarium)","score":0.5102243423461914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coaxial","display_name":"Coaxial","score":0.4958895146846771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copper","display_name":"Copper","score":0.4722698926925659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patch-antenna","display_name":"Patch antenna","score":0.44859588146209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.44093021750450134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiator","display_name":"Radiator (engine cooling)","score":0.4224681258201599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resonator","display_name":"Resonator","score":0.41557085514068604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.40740686655044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.39805564284324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.32952257990837097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2518208622932434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.20394617319107056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13469094038009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12423279881477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11909979581832886}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88764893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1547722","display_name":"Ground plane","level":3,"score":0.7726650238037109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.6840426921844482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5902010798454285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.5749127268791199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777289219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7632154","display_name":"Substrate (aquarium)","level":2,"score":0.5102243423461914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51221625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1751466","display_name":"Coaxial","level":2,"score":0.4958895146846771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544778455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753","display_name":"Copper","level":2,"score":0.4722698926925659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159238334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1419428","display_name":"Patch antenna","level":3,"score":0.44859588146209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.44093021750450134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63034144","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163026","display_name":"Radiator (engine cooling)","level":2,"score":0.4224681258201599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97126364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349669","display_name":"Resonator","level":2,"score":0.41557085514068604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.40740686655044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.39805564284324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.32952257990837097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2518208622932434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.20394617319107056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13469094038009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12423279881477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11909979581832886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24196389","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196389","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39409428","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39409428","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11479064","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11479064","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:317a33f283ce4a449c9663426d5837dd","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/317a33f283ce4a449c9663426d5837dd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 19, p 6389 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24196389","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196389","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1007013113","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62301262","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3819906355","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20220440","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4458132805","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62301262","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4503896785","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022M720063","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6753932834","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20220440","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8320401565","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022M720063","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964118910","https://openalex.org/W1970329654","https://openalex.org/W2005296435","https://openalex.org/W2017940848","https://openalex.org/W2047492005","https://openalex.org/W2059906541","https://openalex.org/W2105389685","https://openalex.org/W2122374200","https://openalex.org/W2131577189","https://openalex.org/W2149967305","https://openalex.org/W2165584790","https://openalex.org/W2165827997","https://openalex.org/W2168235195","https://openalex.org/W2170090511","https://openalex.org/W2490621805","https://openalex.org/W2542362329","https://openalex.org/W2777595444","https://openalex.org/W2782051393","https://openalex.org/W2800007630","https://openalex.org/W2802745209","https://openalex.org/W2889065084","https://openalex.org/W2901235047","https://openalex.org/W2908261862","https://openalex.org/W2945567689","https://openalex.org/W2963908869","https://openalex.org/W2988264568","https://openalex.org/W2990539120","https://openalex.org/W3000167862","https://openalex.org/W3049349146","https://openalex.org/W3093808409","https://openalex.org/W3118218643","https://openalex.org/W3128277318","https://openalex.org/W3157149980","https://openalex.org/W3168424412","https://openalex.org/W3191145600","https://openalex.org/W3194042957","https://openalex.org/W3199535278","https://openalex.org/W3203186936","https://openalex.org/W4205880558","https://openalex.org/W4225470194","https://openalex.org/W4293525474","https://openalex.org/W4379054121","https://openalex.org/W4386363023","https://openalex.org/W4404047747","https://openalex.org/W6722690732","https://openalex.org/W6770802342","https://openalex.org/W6784227040"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3084713631","https://openalex.org/W2406878935","https://openalex.org/W2189444565","https://openalex.org/W2166129146","https://openalex.org/W2766256779","https://openalex.org/W2971254988","https://openalex.org/W2040114878","https://openalex.org/W2183358471","https://openalex.org/W2346587697","https://openalex.org/W2770774066"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,13,33,45,65,107],"complementary":[4],"split-ring":[5],"resonator":[6],"(CSRR)-based":[7],"patch":[8],"antenna":[9],"is":[10,37,53,69,84,117],"proposed":[11,94,114],"as":[12,42,59],"microwave":[14,25,95,115],"sensor":[15,26,96,116],"to":[16,104,125,133],"measure":[17,98],"the":[18,40,43,56,60,72,81,93],"salt":[19,77,99],"concentration":[20,78,136],"of":[21,28,110],"NaCl":[22,87],"solution.":[23,88],"The":[24,89,113],"consists":[27],"an":[29],"RF-4":[30],"substrate,":[31],"where":[32],"small":[34],"copper":[35,47],"disc":[36,48,83],"attached":[38,54],"on":[39,55],"top":[41,82],"radiator,":[44],"larger":[46],"integrated":[49],"with":[50,106],"two":[51],"CSRRs":[52],"bottom":[57],"side":[58],"finite":[61],"ground":[62,73],"plane,":[63],"and":[64,123,127],"coaxial":[66],"feeding":[67],"port":[68],"introduced":[70],"at":[71],"plane":[74],"center.":[75],"During":[76],"sensing,":[79],"only":[80],"immersed":[85],"into":[86],"results":[90],"indicate":[91],"that":[92],"can":[97,130],"concentrations":[100],"ranging":[101],"from":[102],"5\u2031":[103],"35\u2031":[105],"maximum":[108],"sensitivity":[109],"0.367":[111],"(kHz/(mg/L)).":[112],"low-cost,":[118],"low-profile,":[119],"electrically":[120],"small,":[121],"lightweight,":[122],"easy":[124],"fabricate,":[126],"it":[128],"also":[129],"be":[131],"applied":[132],"other":[134],"solutions'":[135],"sensing.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
