{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402991114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196280","title":"Advanced 3D Face Reconstruction from Single 2D Images Using Enhanced Adversarial Neural Networks and Graph Neural Networks","display_name":"Advanced 3D Face Reconstruction from Single 2D Images Using Enhanced Adversarial Neural Networks and Graph Neural Networks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402991114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196280","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39409320"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24196280","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196280","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/19/6280/pdf?version=1727503740","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/19/6280/pdf?version=1727503740","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044799107","display_name":"Mohamed Fathallah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4382-9217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130309236","display_name":"Kafrelsheikh University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a97mm30","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130309236"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Fathallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33511, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4382-9217","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33511, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130309236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019242314","display_name":"Sherif El-etriby","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8103-3071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63601056","display_name":"Menoufia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05sjrb944","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sherif Eletriby","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, Menoufia University, Menoufia 32511, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, Menoufia University, Menoufia 32511, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058105216","display_name":"Maazen Alsabaan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8601-3184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maazen Alsabaan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 51178, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8601-3184","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 51178, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053163516","display_name":"Mohamed I. Ibrahem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8000-4161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25041050","display_name":"Augusta University","ror":"https://ror.org/012mef835","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed I. Ibrahem","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8000-4161","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107665360","display_name":"Gamal Farok","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63601056","display_name":"Menoufia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05sjrb944","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gamal Farok","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, Menoufia University, Menoufia 32511, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, Menoufia University, Menoufia 32511, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044799107"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130309236"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.0194,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88190897,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"19","first_page":"6280","last_page":"6280"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12301","display_name":"Facial Nerve Paralysis Treatment and Research","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11322","display_name":"Facial Rejuvenation and Surgery Techniques","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2708","display_name":"Dermatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7629752159118652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5733793377876282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5258612632751465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5124035477638245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminator","display_name":"Discriminator","score":0.49307557940483093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.48404115438461304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4656209647655487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4302378296852112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.21761587262153625}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7629752159118652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5733793377876282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5258612632751465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5124035477638245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779803651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282088","display_name":"Discriminator","level":3,"score":0.49307557940483093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.48404115438461304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4656209647655487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4302378296852112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.21761587262153625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24196280","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196280","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/19/6280/pdf?version=1727503740","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39409320","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39409320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11478734","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11478734","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11478734/pdf/sensors-24-06280.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c5eb3e25186c4c71b29f5d0c3866396c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c5eb3e25186c4c71b29f5d0c3866396c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 19, p 6280 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24196280","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196280","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/19/6280/pdf?version=1727503740","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5286294126","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RSPD2024R636","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","funder_display_name":"King Saud University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402991114.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402991114.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012885984","https://openalex.org/W2013871799","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2116341502","https://openalex.org/W2237250383","https://openalex.org/W2265959009","https://openalex.org/W2431101926","https://openalex.org/W2468907370","https://openalex.org/W2519131448","https://openalex.org/W2519887557","https://openalex.org/W2559821077","https://openalex.org/W2584229793","https://openalex.org/W2772390279","https://openalex.org/W2912459656","https://openalex.org/W2914848199","https://openalex.org/W2946948417","https://openalex.org/W2962778872","https://openalex.org/W2962922861","https://openalex.org/W2963342110","https://openalex.org/W2964449965","https://openalex.org/W2990961119","https://openalex.org/W3034512702","https://openalex.org/W3037028611","https://openalex.org/W3095552265","https://openalex.org/W3100561866","https://openalex.org/W3101531717","https://openalex.org/W3109194747","https://openalex.org/W3119066026","https://openalex.org/W3173236677","https://openalex.org/W3180794345","https://openalex.org/W4289550145","https://openalex.org/W4298001985","https://openalex.org/W4312933868","https://openalex.org/W4367666404","https://openalex.org/W4379929653","https://openalex.org/W4386075893","https://openalex.org/W4387195417","https://openalex.org/W4389373762","https://openalex.org/W6718379498","https://openalex.org/W6842762852","https://openalex.org/W6853464127"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293202849","https://openalex.org/W1980965563","https://openalex.org/W1489300767","https://openalex.org/W2387995142","https://openalex.org/W4380714744","https://openalex.org/W4319453655","https://openalex.org/W2089959425","https://openalex.org/W2057775761","https://openalex.org/W1608433645","https://openalex.org/W2964074194"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,40,50,69,79],"novel":[4,51],"framework":[5,115],"for":[6,73,83],"3D":[7],"face":[8],"reconstruction":[9],"from":[10],"single":[11],"2D":[12],"images":[13],"and":[14,54,60,68,77,86,92,105,126],"addresses":[15],"critical":[16],"limitations":[17],"in":[18,121],"existing":[19,98],"methods.":[20],"Our":[21],"approach":[22],"integrates":[23],"modified":[24],"adversarial":[25],"neural":[26,30],"networks":[27,31],"with":[28,49],"graph":[29],"to":[32,119],"achieve":[33],"state-of-the-art":[34],"performance.":[35],"Key":[36],"innovations":[37],"include":[38],"(1)":[39],"generator":[41],"architecture":[42],"based":[43],"on":[44,89,111],"Graph":[45],"Convolutional":[46],"Networks":[47],"(GCNs)":[48],"loss":[52],"function":[53],"identity":[55],"blocks,":[56],"mitigating":[57],"mode":[58],"collapse":[59],"instability;":[61],"(2)":[62],"the":[63,90],"integration":[64],"of":[65],"facial":[66],"landmarks":[67],"non-parametric":[70],"efficient-net":[71],"decoder":[72],"enhanced":[74],"feature":[75],"capture;":[76],"(3)":[78],"lightweight":[80],"GCN-based":[81],"discriminator":[82],"improved":[84],"accuracy":[85],"stability.":[87],"Evaluated":[88],"300W-LP":[91],"AFLW2000-3D":[93],"datasets,":[94],"our":[95,114],"method":[96],"outperforms":[97],"approaches,":[99],"reducing":[100],"Chamfer":[101],"Distance":[102,108],"by":[103,109],"62.7%":[104],"Earth":[106],"Mover's":[107],"57.1%":[110],"300W-LP.":[112],"Moreover,":[113],"demonstrates":[116],"superior":[117],"robustness":[118],"variations":[120],"head":[122],"positioning,":[123],"occlusion,":[124],"noise,":[125],"lighting":[127],"conditions":[128],"while":[129],"achieving":[130],"significantly":[131],"faster":[132],"processing":[133],"times.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}