{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402926187","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196248","title":"\u0398-Net: A Deep Neural Network Architecture for the Resolution Enhancement of Phase-Modulated Optical Micrographs In Silico","display_name":"\u0398-Net: A Deep Neural Network Architecture for the Resolution Enhancement of Phase-Modulated Optical Micrographs In Silico","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402926187","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196248","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39409287"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24196248","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196248","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/19/6248/pdf?version=1727598267","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/19/6248/pdf?version=1727598267","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043170278","display_name":"Shiraz S Kaderuppan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0317-8272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shiraz S. Kaderuppan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science, Agriculture & Engineering (SAgE), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0317-8272","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science, Agriculture & Engineering (SAgE), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101511807","display_name":"Anurag Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0810-4432"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anurag Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science, Agriculture & Engineering (SAgE), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0810-4432","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science, Agriculture & Engineering (SAgE), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046651262","display_name":"Muhammad Ramadan Saifuddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2697-4079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ramadan Saifuddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science, Agriculture & Engineering (SAgE), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2697-4079","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science, Agriculture & Engineering (SAgE), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102911106","display_name":"Eugene Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1146-8285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168639165","display_name":"Singapore Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01v2c2791","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118524","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02dn7x778","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118524"]}],"countries":["FR","SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wai Leong Eugene Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, 10 Dover Drive, Singapore 138683, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1146-8285","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, 10 Dover Drive, Singapore 138683, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168639165","https://openalex.org/I4210118524"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084431277","display_name":"Wai Lok Woo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8698-7605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wai Lok Woo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Information Sciences, Sutherland Building, Northumbria University, Northumberland Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8698-7605","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Sciences, Sutherland Building, Northumbria University, Northumberland Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043170278"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.5524,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66405546,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"19","first_page":"6248","last_page":"6248"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11897","display_name":"Digital Holography and Microscopy","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11569","display_name":"Optical Coherence Tomography Applications","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-interference-contrast-microscopy","display_name":"Differential interference contrast microscopy","score":0.6256641745567322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6032477021217346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5576822757720947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5468451976776123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5379859209060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.4959190785884857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4883851408958435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4515969157218933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microscopy","display_name":"Microscopy","score":0.4468631148338318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-system","display_name":"Biological system","score":0.4268548786640167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.4132789671421051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.36926108598709106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.33230239152908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.31885042786598206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.27424925565719604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.25465139746665955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20522698760032654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.19762569665908813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.09548789262771606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899173","display_name":"Differential interference contrast microscopy","level":3,"score":0.6256641745567322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6032477021217346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5576822757720947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5468451976776123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5379859209060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.4959190785884857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4883851408958435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4515969157218933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147080431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074953","display_name":"Microscopy","level":2,"score":0.4468631148338318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.4268548786640167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.4132789671421051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.36926108598709106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.33230239152908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.31885042786598206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.27424925565719604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.25465139746665955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20522698760032654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.19762569665908813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.09548789262771606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24196248","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196248","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/19/6248/pdf?version=1727598267","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39409287","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39409287","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11478931","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11478931","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11478931/pdf/sensors-24-06248.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:17cdeeb0d0b649d0892a572bc91246ee","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/17cdeeb0d0b649d0892a572bc91246ee","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 19, p 6248 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/27117900","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/_-Net_A_Deep_Neural_Network_Architecture_for_the_Resolution_Enhancement_of_Phase-Modulated_Optical_Micrographs_In_Silico/27117900","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24196248","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196248","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/19/6248/pdf?version=1727598267","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402926187.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402926187.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1979887297","https://openalex.org/W1992858116","https://openalex.org/W2054455698","https://openalex.org/W2115737236","https://openalex.org/W2119234906","https://openalex.org/W2127783459","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2141123878","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2253429366","https://openalex.org/W2481108442","https://openalex.org/W2787020583","https://openalex.org/W2791189310","https://openalex.org/W2794284562","https://openalex.org/W2801396275","https://openalex.org/W2910683834","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2989433233","https://openalex.org/W2999884159","https://openalex.org/W3004004791","https://openalex.org/W3006472059","https://openalex.org/W3019725052","https://openalex.org/W3036495705","https://openalex.org/W3099844944","https://openalex.org/W3104053397","https://openalex.org/W3107466305","https://openalex.org/W3153030012","https://openalex.org/W3159106208","https://openalex.org/W3161935901","https://openalex.org/W3165822876","https://openalex.org/W3195997474","https://openalex.org/W3203631022","https://openalex.org/W4205382418","https://openalex.org/W4214597897","https://openalex.org/W4249338300","https://openalex.org/W4282977684","https://openalex.org/W4286220311","https://openalex.org/W4382372079","https://openalex.org/W4386825203","https://openalex.org/W4386959728"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2409776851","https://openalex.org/W2007299573","https://openalex.org/W1491523924","https://openalex.org/W4205840878","https://openalex.org/W2905167119","https://openalex.org/W2133926606","https://openalex.org/W4399766820","https://openalex.org/W2070763314","https://openalex.org/W4240268873","https://openalex.org/W2001655186"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optical":[0],"microscopy":[1,174],"is":[2,46],"widely":[3],"regarded":[4],"to":[5,20,48,85,144],"be":[6],"an":[7,128],"indispensable":[8],"tool":[9],"in":[10,33,75,95,168,178,208],"healthcare":[11],"and":[12,58,82,119,195,225,237,241],"manufacturing":[13],"quality":[14,98],"control":[15],"processes,":[16],"although":[17],"its":[18],"inability":[19],"resolve":[21],"structures":[22],"separated":[23],"by":[24,55],"a":[25,37,65,80,222],"lateral":[26],"distance":[27],"under":[28,213],"~200":[29],"nm":[30],"has":[31,176],"culminated":[32],"the":[34,76,87,100,123,138,146,169,179,186,193,201,219],"emergence":[35],"of":[36,68,89,99,131,140,148,185,203],"new":[38],"field":[39],"named":[40],"fluorescence":[41],"nanoscopy,":[42],"while":[43,217],"this":[44,61],"too":[45],"prone":[47],"several":[49,231],"caveats":[50],"(namely":[51],"phototoxicity,":[52],"interference":[53,153],"caused":[54],"exogenous":[56],"probes":[57],"cost).":[59],"In":[60,136],"regard,":[62],"we":[63],"present":[64,77],"triplet":[66],"string":[67],"concatenated":[69],"O-Net":[70],"(\u2018bead\u2019)":[71],"architectures":[72],"(termed":[73],"\u2018\u0398-Net\u2019":[74],"study)":[78],"as":[79,116,162,165],"cost-efficient":[81],"non-invasive":[83],"approach":[84],"enhancing":[86],"resolution":[88,103],"non-fluorescent":[90],"phase-modulated":[91],"optical":[92,242],"microscopical":[93],"images":[94,105,126,181,190,212],"silico.":[96],"The":[97],"afore-mentioned":[101],"enhanced":[102],"(ER)":[104],"was":[106],"compared":[107],"with":[108,122],"that":[109,184],"obtained":[110],"via":[111],"other":[112],"popular":[113],"frameworks":[114],"(such":[115],"ANNA-PALM,":[117],"BSRGAN":[118],"3D":[120],"RCAN),":[121],"\u0398-Net-generated":[124,180],"ER":[125],"depicting":[127],"increased":[129],"level":[130],"detail":[132],"(unlike":[133],"previous":[134],"DNNs).":[135],"addition,":[137],"use":[139],"cross-domain":[141],"(transfer)":[142],"learning":[143],"enhance":[145],"capabilities":[147],"models":[149],"trained":[150],"on":[151],"differential":[152],"contrast":[154],"(DIC)":[155],"datasets":[156],"[where":[157],"phasic":[158],"variations":[159],"are":[160],"not":[161],"prominently":[163],"manifested":[164],"amplitude/intensity":[166],"differences":[167],"individual":[170],"pixels":[171],"unlike":[172],"phase-contrast":[173],"(PCM)]":[175],"resulted":[177],"closely":[182],"approximating":[183],"expected":[187],"(ground":[188],"truth)":[189],"for":[191,221],"both":[192],"DIC":[194],"PCM":[196],"datasets.":[197],"This":[198],"thus":[199],"demonstrates":[200],"viability":[202],"our":[204],"current":[205],"\u0398-Net":[206],"architecture":[207],"attaining":[209],"highly":[210],"resolved":[211],"poor":[214],"signal-to-noise":[215],"ratios":[216],"eliminating":[218],"need":[220],"priori":[223],"PSF":[224],"OTF":[226],"information,":[227],"thereby":[228],"potentially":[229],"impacting":[230],"engineering":[232,240],"fronts":[233],"(particularly":[234],"biomedical":[235],"imaging":[236],"sensing,":[238],"precision":[239],"metrology).":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2024-09-28T00:00:00"}
