{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402765900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186144","title":"Dual-Band Passive Beam Steering Antenna Technologies for Satellite Communication and Modern Wireless Systems: A Review","display_name":"Dual-Band Passive Beam Steering Antenna Technologies for Satellite Communication and Modern Wireless Systems: A Review","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402765900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186144","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39338889"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24186144","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186144","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/6144/pdf?version=1727093198","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/6144/pdf?version=1727093198","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050009860","display_name":"Maira I. Nabeel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0943-2029"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maira I. Nabeel","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0943-2029","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073007837","display_name":"Khushboo Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2708-194X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khushboo Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2708-194X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087075969","display_name":"Muhammad U. Afzal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad U. Afzal","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8517-408X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057234265","display_name":"Dushmantha N. Thalakotuna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4504-6139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dushmantha N. Thalakotuna","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4504-6139","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032248949","display_name":"Karu P. Esselle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3681-0086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karu P. Esselle","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3681-0086","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050009860"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":12.0794,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97975322,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"18","first_page":"6144","last_page":"6144"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10245","display_name":"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-steering","display_name":"Beam steering","score":0.7731758952140808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6692084074020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-satellite","display_name":"Communications satellite","score":0.5860750079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-band-device","display_name":"Multi-band device","score":0.48102813959121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4657030701637268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.44324833154678345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.42622271180152893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4158499836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.40178269147872925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.39782464504241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3961012363433838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.23267975449562073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.09622520208358765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143148639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876192","display_name":"Beam steering","level":3,"score":0.7731758952140808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6692084074020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.5860750079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134546842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756885","display_name":"Multi-band device","level":3,"score":0.48102813959121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4657030701637268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.44324833154678345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.42622271180152893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4158499836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.40178269147872925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.39782464504241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3961012363433838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.23267975449562073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.09622520208358765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24186144","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186144","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/6144/pdf?version=1727093198","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39338889","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39338889","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11435494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11435494","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11435494/pdf/sensors-24-06144.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:671e98df74c94919b613dd28849d4145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/671e98df74c94919b613dd28849d4145","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 18, p 6144 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24186144","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186144","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/6144/pdf?version=1727093198","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320967","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402765900.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402765900.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":88,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487111070","https://openalex.org/W1634951296","https://openalex.org/W1964768610","https://openalex.org/W1971825440","https://openalex.org/W1977706751","https://openalex.org/W2020295742","https://openalex.org/W2021956757","https://openalex.org/W2026565297","https://openalex.org/W2037875281","https://openalex.org/W2042346682","https://openalex.org/W2043906256","https://openalex.org/W2079489350","https://openalex.org/W2098059552","https://openalex.org/W2120383603","https://openalex.org/W2126075014","https://openalex.org/W2141034242","https://openalex.org/W2179704496","https://openalex.org/W2284619126","https://openalex.org/W2418779529","https://openalex.org/W2419318320","https://openalex.org/W2494799168","https://openalex.org/W2525957156","https://openalex.org/W2587928584","https://openalex.org/W2603560229","https://openalex.org/W2605006015","https://openalex.org/W2612640904","https://openalex.org/W2621204871","https://openalex.org/W2749793803","https://openalex.org/W2752062855","https://openalex.org/W2752682003","https://openalex.org/W2761788579","https://openalex.org/W2780996066","https://openalex.org/W2804579614","https://openalex.org/W2806527151","https://openalex.org/W2897709063","https://openalex.org/W2908735765","https://openalex.org/W2912232048","https://openalex.org/W2912709444","https://openalex.org/W2941051366","https://openalex.org/W2949269817","https://openalex.org/W2989873054","https://openalex.org/W3000121301","https://openalex.org/W3003779862","https://openalex.org/W3005804303","https://openalex.org/W3071821199","https://openalex.org/W3086614160","https://openalex.org/W3094309955","https://openalex.org/W3106021851","https://openalex.org/W3118932038","https://openalex.org/W3130141253","https://openalex.org/W3131527032","https://openalex.org/W3173188576","https://openalex.org/W3173202065","https://openalex.org/W3182782119","https://openalex.org/W3184042239","https://openalex.org/W3184141855","https://openalex.org/W3198925129","https://openalex.org/W3207377112","https://openalex.org/W3213935293","https://openalex.org/W4205509673","https://openalex.org/W4205632586","https://openalex.org/W4206403347","https://openalex.org/W4221063999","https://openalex.org/W4224255817","https://openalex.org/W4247460237","https://openalex.org/W4285228355","https://openalex.org/W4292825867","https://openalex.org/W4296872126","https://openalex.org/W4296910315","https://openalex.org/W4300415116","https://openalex.org/W4300853330","https://openalex.org/W4311630653","https://openalex.org/W4313175985","https://openalex.org/W4317033404","https://openalex.org/W4377224410","https://openalex.org/W4378842093","https://openalex.org/W4378842139","https://openalex.org/W4383751776","https://openalex.org/W4386495569","https://openalex.org/W4387789939","https://openalex.org/W4389352623","https://openalex.org/W4391128380","https://openalex.org/W4391365638","https://openalex.org/W4395069504","https://openalex.org/W4396949800","https://openalex.org/W6705301900","https://openalex.org/W6735806254","https://openalex.org/W6842102612"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2742601401","https://openalex.org/W2393856948","https://openalex.org/W1676675615","https://openalex.org/W2132191596","https://openalex.org/W4352981712","https://openalex.org/W103922834","https://openalex.org/W2148881695","https://openalex.org/W3177989248","https://openalex.org/W3196749285","https://openalex.org/W2348887622"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Efficient":[0],"beam":[1,37,48,110,137,144,169],"steerable":[2],"high-gain":[3],"antennas":[4,146],"enable":[5],"high-speed":[6],"data":[7],"rates":[8],"over":[9],"long-distance":[10],"networks,":[11,30],"including":[12],"wireless":[13,28,98,119],"backhaul,":[14],"satellite":[15],"communications":[16],"(SATCOM),":[17],"and":[18,34,58,73,129,159],"SATCOM":[19],"On-the-Move.":[20],"These":[21,61],"characteristics":[22],"are":[23],"essential":[24],"for":[25,66,93,113,163,172],"advancing":[26],"contemporary":[27],"communication":[29,96,116,150],"particularly":[31],"within":[32],"5G":[33],"beyond.":[35],"Various":[36],"steering":[38,49,111,138,145,170],"solutions":[39,171],"have":[40],"been":[41],"proposed":[42],"in":[43,68,97,117],"the":[44,78,81,108,132,140],"literature,":[45],"with":[46],"passive":[47,167],"mechanisms":[50],"employing":[51],"planar":[52,135],"metasurfaces":[53],"emerging":[54],"as":[55],"cost-effective,":[56],"power-efficient,":[57],"compact":[59],"options.":[60],"attributes":[62],"make":[63],"them":[64],"well-suited":[65],"use":[67],"confined":[69],"spaces,":[70],"large-scale":[71],"production":[72],"widespread":[74],"distribution":[75],"to":[76],"meet":[77],"demands":[79],"of":[80,107,134],"mass":[82,173],"market.":[83],"Utilizing":[84],"a":[85,104],"dual-band":[86,109,143,168],"antenna":[87],"terminal":[88],"setup":[89],"is":[90,151],"often":[91],"advantageous":[92],"full":[94,148],"duplex":[95,149],"systems.":[99],"Therefore,":[100],"this":[101],"article":[102,155],"presents":[103],"comprehensive":[105],"review":[106,154],"techniques":[112],"enabling":[114],"full-duplex":[115],"modern":[118],"systems,":[120],"highlighting":[121],"their":[122],"design":[123],"methodologies,":[124],"scanning":[125],"mechanisms,":[126],"physical":[127],"characteristics,":[128],"constraints.":[130],"Despite":[131],"advantages":[133],"metasurface-based":[136],"solutions,":[139],"literature":[141],"on":[142],"supporting":[147],"limited.":[152],"This":[153],"identifies":[156],"research":[157],"gaps":[158],"outlines":[160],"future":[161],"directions":[162],"developing":[164],"economically":[165],"feasible":[166],"deployment.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
