{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402768354","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186115","title":"Analysis of Road Roughness and Driver Comfort in \u2018Long-Haul\u2019 Road Transportation Using Random Forest Approach","display_name":"Analysis of Road Roughness and Driver Comfort in \u2018Long-Haul\u2019 Road Transportation Using Random Forest Approach","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402768354","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186115"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24186115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186115","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/6115/pdf?version=1727088083","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/6115/pdf?version=1727088083","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032493848","display_name":"Olusola Olajide Ajayi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-117X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137616099","display_name":"Tshwane University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037mrss42","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Olusola O. Ajayi","raw_affiliation_strings":["F\u2019SATI, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-117X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"F\u2019SATI, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003285616","display_name":"Anish Kurien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7250-3665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137616099","display_name":"Tshwane University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037mrss42","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anish M. Kurien","raw_affiliation_strings":["F\u2019SATI, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7250-3665","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"F\u2019SATI, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025672785","display_name":"Karim Djouani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6060-8200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137616099","display_name":"Tshwane University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037mrss42","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197681013","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est Cr\u00e9teil","ror":"https://ror.org/05ggc9x40","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197681013"]}],"countries":["FR","ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karim Djouani","raw_affiliation_strings":["F\u2019SATI, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa","LISSI Laboratory, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est Cr\u00e9teil, 94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6060-8200","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"F\u2019SATI, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LISSI Laboratory, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est Cr\u00e9teil, 94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197681013"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002176314","display_name":"Lamine Dieng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0175-0850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137616099","display_name":"Tshwane University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037mrss42","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154111","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Gustave Eiffel","ror":"https://ror.org/03x42jk29","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154111"]}],"countries":["FR","ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lamine Dieng","raw_affiliation_strings":["F\u2019SATI, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa","MAST Laboratory, Universit\u00e9 Gustave Eiffel, All. Des Ponts et Chaussees, 44340 Bouguenais, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0175-0850","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"F\u2019SATI, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MAST Laboratory, Universit\u00e9 Gustave Eiffel, All. Des Ponts et Chaussees, 44340 Bouguenais, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154111"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032493848"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.024,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75916459,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"18","first_page":"6115","last_page":"6115"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9742000102996826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.9674000144004822,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-roughness-index","display_name":"International Roughness Index","score":0.6462212800979614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6236792802810669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.6048074960708618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5194891691207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48996129631996155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poison-control","display_name":"Poison control","score":0.43994495272636414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-finish","display_name":"Surface finish","score":0.3593674600124359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.34856587648391724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3013445734977722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16954532265663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-health","display_name":"Environmental health","score":0.08174040913581848}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781212230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6052822","display_name":"International Roughness Index","level":3,"score":0.6462212800979614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6236792802810669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.6048074960708618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5194891691207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48996129631996155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.43994495272636414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71039073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3439090","display_name":"Surface finish","level":2,"score":0.3593674600124359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.34856587648391724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3013445734977722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16954532265663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.08174040913581848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24186115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186115","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/6115/pdf?version=1727088083","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11436202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11436202","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11436202/pdf/sensors-24-06115.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:692382c6e3204ac3ab7b826152910e30","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/692382c6e3204ac3ab7b826152910e30","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 18, p 6115 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24186115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186115","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/6115/pdf?version=1727088083","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402768354.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402768354.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W273955616","https://openalex.org/W1505665422","https://openalex.org/W1967788794","https://openalex.org/W2021431545","https://openalex.org/W2030995341","https://openalex.org/W2043685081","https://openalex.org/W2049834260","https://openalex.org/W2075158227","https://openalex.org/W2123286999","https://openalex.org/W2125751803","https://openalex.org/W2127845705","https://openalex.org/W2137897983","https://openalex.org/W2152698282","https://openalex.org/W2156016498","https://openalex.org/W2340287463","https://openalex.org/W2401930020","https://openalex.org/W2515662741","https://openalex.org/W2521513886","https://openalex.org/W2614040008","https://openalex.org/W2804758608","https://openalex.org/W2891239793","https://openalex.org/W2903475946","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2981009733","https://openalex.org/W3023461478","https://openalex.org/W3095199176","https://openalex.org/W3095831733","https://openalex.org/W3154823624","https://openalex.org/W3185697327","https://openalex.org/W4214805781","https://openalex.org/W4226029964","https://openalex.org/W4281638049","https://openalex.org/W4293103669","https://openalex.org/W4295087969","https://openalex.org/W4296906657","https://openalex.org/W4311290777","https://openalex.org/W4315490015","https://openalex.org/W4380992095","https://openalex.org/W4391479944","https://openalex.org/W4392130457","https://openalex.org/W6610017368","https://openalex.org/W6642264843","https://openalex.org/W6679024416","https://openalex.org/W6727405866","https://openalex.org/W6799066106","https://openalex.org/W6809230909","https://openalex.org/W6848908261"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200112873","https://openalex.org/W2955796858","https://openalex.org/W4224941037","https://openalex.org/W2004826645","https://openalex.org/W2032228679","https://openalex.org/W1486150617","https://openalex.org/W2508520462","https://openalex.org/W2378638053","https://openalex.org/W2137955238","https://openalex.org/W584140147"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Global":[0],"trade":[1],"depends":[2],"on":[3,10,23],"long-haul":[4,185],"transportation,":[5],"yet":[6],"comfort":[7,25,151],"for":[8,79,95],"drivers":[9],"lengthy":[11],"trips":[12],"is":[13,166],"sometimes":[14],"neglected.":[15],"Rough":[16],"roads":[17,143],"have":[18],"a":[19,40,132],"major":[20],"negative":[21],"influence":[22],"driver":[24,61,136,181,186],"and":[26,34,49,60,77,90,112,126,138,149,171,183,195,209],"increase":[27,177],"the":[28,55,64,80,205],"risk":[29],"of":[30,103,123,207],"weariness,":[31,182],"distracted":[32],"driving,":[33],"accidents.":[35],"Using":[36,63],"Random":[37,98],"Forest":[38,99],"regression,":[39],"machine":[41],"learning":[42],"technique":[43],"well-suited":[44],"to":[45,106,167,176,192,197],"examining":[46],"big":[47],"datasets":[48],"nonlinear":[50],"relationships,":[51],"this":[52],"study":[53,161],"examines":[54],"relationship":[56,134],"between":[57,135],"road":[58,139,172,178,210],"roughness":[59],"comfort.":[62],"MIRANDA":[65],"mobile":[66],"application,":[67],"data":[68],"were":[69,93],"gathered":[70],"from":[71],"1,048,576":[72],"rows,":[73],"including":[74],"vehicle":[75],"acceleration":[76,148],"values":[78],"International":[81],"Roughness":[82],"Index":[83],"(IRI).":[84],"The":[85,129],"Support":[86],"Vector":[87],"Regression":[88],"(SVR)":[89],"XGBoost":[91,118],"models":[92],"used":[94],"comparative":[96],"analysis.":[97],"was":[100],"preferred":[101],"because":[102],"its":[104],"ability":[105],"be":[107],"deployed":[108],"in":[109,121,145,174],"real":[110],"time":[111,125],"use":[113],"less":[114],"memory,":[115],"even":[116],"if":[117],"performed":[119],"better":[120],"terms":[122],"training":[124],"prediction":[127],"accuracy.":[128],"findings":[130],"showed":[131],"significant":[133],"discomfort":[137],"roughness,":[140],"with":[141],"rougher":[142],"resulting":[144],"increased":[146],"vertical":[147],"lower":[150],"levels":[152],"(Road":[153],"Roughness:":[154],"SD\u20140.73;":[155],"Driver\u2019s":[156],"Comfort:":[157],"Mean\u201410.01,":[158],"SD\u20140.64).":[159],"This":[160],"highlights":[162],"how":[163],"crucial":[164],"it":[165],"provide":[168],"smooth":[169],"surfaces":[170],"maintenance":[173],"order":[175],"safety,":[179],"lessen":[180],"promote":[184],"welfare.":[187],"These":[188],"results":[189],"offer":[190],"information":[191],"transportation":[193,208],"authorities":[194],"policymakers":[196],"help":[198],"them":[199],"make":[200],"data-driven":[201],"decisions":[202],"that":[203],"enhance":[204],"efficiency":[206],"conditions.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2024-09-25T00:00:00"}