{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402677715","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186091","title":"Research on Signal Noise Reduction and Leakage Localization in Urban Water Supply Pipelines Based on Northern Goshawk Optimization","display_name":"Research on Signal Noise Reduction and Leakage Localization in Urban Water Supply Pipelines Based on Northern Goshawk Optimization","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402677715","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186091","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39338838"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24186091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186091","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010301327","display_name":"Xin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0271-2784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102345215","display_name":"Xihua University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gwtvf26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102345215"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Energy and Power Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Energy and Power Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102345215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103021803","display_name":"Zhu Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3142-3383"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102345215","display_name":"Xihua University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gwtvf26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102345215"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Energy and Power Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China","Key Laboratory of Fluid and Power Machinery (Xihua University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610039, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Energy and Power Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102345215"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Fluid and Power Machinery (Xihua University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610039, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102345215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108050324","display_name":"Jiale Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3299-5386"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102345215","display_name":"Xihua University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gwtvf26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102345215"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiale Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Energy and Power Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Energy and Power Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102345215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102965387","display_name":"Zhendong Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6120-9620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102345215","display_name":"Xihua University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gwtvf26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102345215"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhendong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Energy and Power Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Energy and Power Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102345215"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044245551","display_name":"Yunyun Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5718-0562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102345215","display_name":"Xihua University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gwtvf26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102345215"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunyun Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Energy and Power Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Energy and Power Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102345215"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.9197,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72056033,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"18","first_page":"6091","last_page":"6091"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Underground Structures","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hilbert\u2013huang-transform","display_name":"Hilbert\u2013Huang transform","score":0.7459855675697327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.6436340808868408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leak","display_name":"Leak","score":0.6286258101463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-reduction","display_name":"Noise reduction","score":0.6275039315223694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.49476808309555054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4874866008758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.48056963086128235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4751301109790802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.4297628402709961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4171845316886902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3604066073894501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3574012815952301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3424240052700043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2938752770423889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-noise","display_name":"White noise","score":0.22882428765296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13074535131454468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-engineering","display_name":"Environmental engineering","score":0.09983590245246887}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25570617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006462","display_name":"Hilbert\u2013Huang transform","level":3,"score":0.7459855675697327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6436340808868408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349983","display_name":"Leak","level":2,"score":0.6286258101463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.6275039315223694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.49476808309555054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4874866008758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.48056963086128235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4751301109790802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.4297628402709961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4171845316886902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3604066073894501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3574012815952301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3424240052700043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2938752770423889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112633086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381287","display_name":"White noise","level":2,"score":0.22882428765296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13074535131454468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.09983590245246887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24186091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39338838","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39338838","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11436203","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11436203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:924e48225d8342bf89deeac4df77339f","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/924e48225d8342bf89deeac4df77339f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 18, p 6091 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24186091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W937050127","https://openalex.org/W1862394037","https://openalex.org/W1964764212","https://openalex.org/W2000982976","https://openalex.org/W2007221293","https://openalex.org/W2012608721","https://openalex.org/W2036745315","https://openalex.org/W2046583302","https://openalex.org/W2054855363","https://openalex.org/W2084072121","https://openalex.org/W2091242006","https://openalex.org/W2092106015","https://openalex.org/W2169334135","https://openalex.org/W2728659140","https://openalex.org/W2913063882","https://openalex.org/W2980488542","https://openalex.org/W2985168073","https://openalex.org/W3014749622","https://openalex.org/W3089648744","https://openalex.org/W3126772664","https://openalex.org/W4206385874","https://openalex.org/W4366609791","https://openalex.org/W4388668054"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3014107421","https://openalex.org/W2363056446","https://openalex.org/W2081563414","https://openalex.org/W2352249079","https://openalex.org/W3106007860","https://openalex.org/W2046566837","https://openalex.org/W2133587243","https://openalex.org/W2389958289","https://openalex.org/W2382235919","https://openalex.org/W2004541701"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"order":[1],"to":[2,31,69,87,99,137],"enhance":[3],"the":[4,17,43,48,64,71,78,88,100,108,119,124,147,168,188,193,197,200,208],"accuracy":[5],"and":[6,51,58,77,81,123,140,155,213],"adaptability":[7],"of":[8,54,152,159,199,207],"urban":[9],"water":[10],"supply":[11],"pipeline":[12],"leak":[13,165,179,184],"localization,":[14],"based":[15],"on":[16,187],"Northern":[18,44],"Goshawk":[19,45],"Optimization,":[20],"a":[21,174],"novel":[22],"joint":[23],"denoising":[24],"method":[25,96,145],"is":[26,97,211,218],"proposed":[27,201],"in":[28,34,167],"this":[29],"paper":[30],"reduce":[32],"noise":[33,82],"negative":[35,126],"pressure":[36,72,127],"wave":[37,128],"signals":[38,73,129],"caused":[39],"by":[40],"leaks.":[41],"Firstly,":[42],"Optimization":[46],"optimizes":[47],"decomposition":[49],"levels":[50],"penalty":[52],"factors":[53],"Variational":[55],"Mode":[56,142],"Decomposition,":[57,143],"obtains":[59],"their":[60],"optimal":[61],"combination.":[62],"Subsequently,":[63],"optimized":[65,93],"parameters":[66],"are":[67,84,116,130],"used":[68],"decompose":[70],"into":[74],"modal":[75],"components,":[76,122],"effective":[79,102,120],"components":[80,83,103,110],"distinguished":[85],"according":[86],"correlation":[89,158],"coefficients.":[90],"Then,":[91],"an":[92,214],"wavelet":[94,138],"thresholding":[95],"applied":[98],"selected":[101],"for":[104,177],"secondary":[105],"denoising.":[106],"Finally,":[107],"signal":[109,121,169],"that":[111,135],"have":[112],"been":[113],"denoised":[114,125],"twice":[115],"reconstructed":[117],"with":[118],"obtained.":[131],"Simulation":[132],"experiments":[133],"demonstrate":[134],"compared":[136],"transforms":[139],"Empirical":[141],"our":[144],"achieves":[146],"highest":[148],"signal-to-noise":[149],"ratio":[150],"improvement":[151],"12.23":[153],"dB":[154],"normalized":[156],"cross":[157],"0.991.":[160],"It":[161],"effectively":[162],"preserves":[163],"useful":[164],"information":[166],"while":[170],"suppressing":[171],"noise,":[172],"laying":[173],"solid":[175],"foundation":[176],"improving":[178],"localization":[180,210],"accuracy.":[181],"After":[182],"several":[183],"simulation":[185,190],"tests":[186],"leakage":[189,209,222],"test":[191,194],"platform,":[192],"results":[195],"verify":[196],"effectiveness":[198],"method.":[202],"The":[203],"minimum":[204],"relative":[205,216],"error":[206,217],"0.29%,":[212],"average":[215],"1.64%,":[219],"achieving":[220],"accurate":[221],"localization.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}