{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402642774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186065","title":"Computationally Efficient Direction Finding for Conformal MIMO Radar","display_name":"Computationally Efficient Direction Finding for Conformal MIMO Radar","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402642774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186065","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39338810"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24186065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186065","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/6065/pdf?version=1726826965","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/6065/pdf?version=1726826965","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115695422","display_name":"Haochen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0118-7003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haochen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication Technologies and System Design, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800 Lyngby, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication Technologies and System Design, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800 Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113418095","display_name":"Zhiyu Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyu Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077832644","display_name":"Fangqing Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-3189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161350542","display_name":"China Three Gorges University","ror":"https://ror.org/0419nfc77","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161350542"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fangqing Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Technology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Technology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161350542"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077832644"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161350542"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.0699,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76957281,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"18","first_page":"6065","last_page":"6065"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6466426253318787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotational-invariance","display_name":"Rotational invariance","score":0.6364223957061768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invariant","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","score":0.6264306306838989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.620998740196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conformal-map","display_name":"Conformal map","score":0.561322808265686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4981248378753662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.49451062083244324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-of-arrival","display_name":"Direction of arrival","score":0.47565123438835144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity-function","display_name":"Ambiguity function","score":0.46669915318489075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-finding","display_name":"Direction finding","score":0.4364653527736664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.397418737411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.33309316635131836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.32865527272224426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2321566343307495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14700376987457275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10504353046417236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.08529606461524963}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6466426253318787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33098168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108537107","display_name":"Rotational invariance","level":2,"score":0.6364223957061768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6264306306838989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.620998740196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98214594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850275","display_name":"Conformal map","level":2,"score":0.561322808265686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4981248378753662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.49451062083244324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172051844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5280438","display_name":"Direction of arrival","level":3,"score":0.47565123438835144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50878840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3206297","display_name":"Ambiguity function","level":4,"score":0.46669915318489075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780382809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367488","display_name":"Direction finding","level":3,"score":0.4364653527736664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.397418737411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33309316635131836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.32865527272224426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2321566343307495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14700376987457275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10504353046417236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.08529606461524963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24186065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186065","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/6065/pdf?version=1726826965","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39338810","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39338810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11435860","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11435860","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11435860/pdf/sensors-24-06065.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c07c15eb1f6d424a8936730310212034","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c07c15eb1f6d424a8936730310212034","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 18, p 6065 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24186065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186065","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/6065/pdf?version=1726826965","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2113292069","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271286","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402642774.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402642774.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2044781339","https://openalex.org/W2110798624","https://openalex.org/W2194416196","https://openalex.org/W2537888770","https://openalex.org/W2571830458","https://openalex.org/W2596829020","https://openalex.org/W2613949611","https://openalex.org/W2793279949","https://openalex.org/W2810297269","https://openalex.org/W2897059627","https://openalex.org/W2909890640","https://openalex.org/W2913166465","https://openalex.org/W2973265422","https://openalex.org/W2992047026","https://openalex.org/W3010408016","https://openalex.org/W3028395677","https://openalex.org/W3097932407","https://openalex.org/W3169547831","https://openalex.org/W3190966103","https://openalex.org/W4206415182","https://openalex.org/W4210398126","https://openalex.org/W4285011376","https://openalex.org/W4292825899","https://openalex.org/W4308158636","https://openalex.org/W4321608260","https://openalex.org/W4366148813","https://openalex.org/W4385151654","https://openalex.org/W4387917974","https://openalex.org/W4389105015","https://openalex.org/W4389232841","https://openalex.org/W4390659224","https://openalex.org/W4390806957","https://openalex.org/W4401990766","https://openalex.org/W6842661393","https://openalex.org/W6850088152"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005070313","https://openalex.org/W2114845579","https://openalex.org/W2369849964","https://openalex.org/W2371392093","https://openalex.org/W2534674033","https://openalex.org/W2174115052","https://openalex.org/W2415741995","https://openalex.org/W2142834316","https://openalex.org/W1572536425","https://openalex.org/W1999804259"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,69,109],"use":[1],"of":[2,16,56,72,145,151],"conformal":[3],"arrays":[4],"offers":[5],"a":[6],"significant":[7],"advancement":[8],"in":[9,29],"Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output":[10],"(MIMO)":[11],"radar,":[12,32],"enabling":[13],"the":[14,33,42,53,57,73,79,83,92,127,135,152],"placement":[15],"antennas":[17],"on":[18],"irregular":[19],"surfaces.":[20],"For":[21],"joint":[22,116],"Direction-of-Departure":[23],"(DOD)":[24],"and":[25,100,118,143],"Direction-of-Arrival":[26],"(DOA)":[27],"estimation":[28],"conformal-array":[30],"MIMO":[31],"current":[34],"spectrum-searching":[35,129,158],"methods":[36],"are":[37,102],"computationally":[38],"too":[39],"expensive,":[40],"while":[41],"existing":[43,128,157],"rotation-invariant":[44],"method":[45,111],"may":[46],"suffer":[47],"from":[48],"phase":[49,80,89,96],"ambiguity":[50,90],"caused":[51],"by":[52,156],"non-Nyquist":[54],"spacing":[55],"sensors.":[58],"In":[59],"this":[60],"paper,":[61],"an":[62],"improved":[63],"rotationally":[64],"invariant":[65],"technique":[66],"is":[67,76,122],"proposed.":[68],"core":[70],"function":[71],"proposed":[74,110,136],"algorithm":[75,137],"to":[77],"estimate":[78],"differences":[81],"between":[82],"adjacent":[84],"sensors;":[85],"then,":[86],"it":[87],"eliminates":[88],"via":[91,104],"previous":[93],"estimated":[94],"standard":[95],"difference.":[97],"Thereafter,":[98],"DODs":[99,142],"DOAs":[101,144],"obtained":[103],"Least":[105],"Squares":[106],"(LS)":[107],"fitting.":[108],"provides":[112],"closed-form":[113],"estimates":[114],"for":[115],"DOD":[117],"DOA":[119],"estimation,":[120],"which":[121],"much":[123],"more":[124],"efficient":[125],"than":[126],"techniques.":[130],"Numerical":[131],"simulations":[132],"show":[133],"that":[134],"can":[138],"accurately":[139],"determine":[140],"2D":[141],"targets,":[146],"only":[147],"requiring":[148],"approximately":[149],"1%":[150],"running":[153],"time":[154],"required":[155],"approaches.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-22T08:09:32.410652","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
