{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402490609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24185914","title":"Lightweight Substation Equipment Defect Detection Algorithm for Small Targets","display_name":"Lightweight Substation Equipment Defect Detection Algorithm for Small Targets","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402490609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24185914","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39338659"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24185914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24185914","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/5914/pdf?version=1726133166","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/5914/pdf?version=1726133166","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100436358","display_name":"Jianqiang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1087-5762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianqiang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101827323","display_name":"Yiwei Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0084-7303"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiwei Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Shandong Electric Power Research Institute, Jinan 250003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Shandong Electric Power Research Institute, Jinan 250003, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077943592","display_name":"Ying Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4141-1490"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ying Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Shandong Electric Power Research Institute, Jinan 250003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Shandong Electric Power Research Institute, Jinan 250003, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100365767","display_name":"Ke Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3271-3585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China","Hebei Key Laboratory of Power Internet of Things Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3271-3585","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Power Internet of Things Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077943592"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":3.7832,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9500888,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"18","first_page":"5914","last_page":"5914"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14319","display_name":"Currency Recognition and Detection","score":0.9664999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6161949634552002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5761621594429016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.4917738735675812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.48793646693229675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.46417996287345886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4596201479434967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.45418843626976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.4277741611003876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4115135967731476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.34037452936172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.295593798160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24284124374389648}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6161949634552002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5761621594429016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4917738735675812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.48793646693229675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.46417996287345886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4596201479434967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.45418843626976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.4277741611003876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4115135967731476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.34037452936172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.295593798160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24284124374389648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24185914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24185914","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/5914/pdf?version=1726133166","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39338659","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39338659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11436006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11436006","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11436006/pdf/sensors-24-05914.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:10c696c4468c4cb98041e17dcd344353","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/10c696c4468c4cb98041e17dcd344353","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 18, p 5914 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24185914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24185914","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/5914/pdf?version=1726133166","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1328538575","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022MS078","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1448474229","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023JG002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2889631022","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u6df1\u5ea6\u89c6\u89c9\u77e5\u8bc6\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u8f93\u7535\u7ebf\u8def\u87ba\u6813\u8868\u9762\u72b6\u6001\u68c0\u6d4b\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61871182","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3155382265","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62206095","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3307287908","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023JC006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3804629638","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52062623003D","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G510945257","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62076093","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5813668773","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52062623003D","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6208006933","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023JC006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6431510657","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871182","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6550910877","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022MS078","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8010317865","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62206095","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8698067272","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62076093","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8840678132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023JG002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402490609.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402490609.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1483870316","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3035396860","https://openalex.org/W3092663126","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3167976421","https://openalex.org/W4214507171","https://openalex.org/W4220917818","https://openalex.org/W4225588978","https://openalex.org/W4250482878","https://openalex.org/W4281756776","https://openalex.org/W4285286599","https://openalex.org/W4313007769","https://openalex.org/W4386076539","https://openalex.org/W4386134853","https://openalex.org/W4386319016","https://openalex.org/W4388020714","https://openalex.org/W4390872670","https://openalex.org/W4391307079","https://openalex.org/W4391554780","https://openalex.org/W4396545724","https://openalex.org/W6762585180","https://openalex.org/W6779679448","https://openalex.org/W6839178539"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2953234277","https://openalex.org/W2626256601","https://openalex.org/W2022849497","https://openalex.org/W3081299480","https://openalex.org/W2407190427","https://openalex.org/W2919210741","https://openalex.org/W2907584218","https://openalex.org/W3002446410","https://openalex.org/W4390224712","https://openalex.org/W4322096758"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Substation":[0],"equipment":[1,11,21,82,218],"defect":[2,22,83,246],"detection":[3,23,38,45,54,84,93,185],"has":[4,131,202,220,230],"always":[5],"played":[6],"an":[7],"important":[8],"role":[9],"in":[10,173,237],"operation":[12],"and":[13,26,43,77,100,105,123,210,228,234],"maintenance.":[14],"However,":[15],"the":[16,48,51,71,96,101,114,120,124,135,143,164,211,224,242],"task":[17],"scenarios":[18],"of":[19,70,103,213,216,226,244],"substation":[20,79,245],"are":[24,56,110],"complex":[25],"different.":[27],"Recent":[28],"studies":[29],"have":[30],"revealed":[31],"issues":[32],"such":[33],"as":[34],"a":[35,74,149,181],"significant":[36],"missed":[37],"rate":[39],"for":[40],"small-sized":[41],"targets":[42],"diminished":[44,231],"precision.":[46],"At":[47],"same":[49],"time,":[50],"current":[52,97],"mainstream":[53,98],"algorithms":[55],"highly":[57],"complex,":[58],"which":[59,92],"is":[60,86,116,160,193],"not":[61],"conducive":[62],"to":[63,118,141,162,167,175],"deployment":[64,177],"on":[65,178],"resource-constrained":[66,179],"devices.":[67],"In":[68],"view":[69],"above":[72],"problems,":[73],"small":[75,150,169],"target":[76,151,170],"lightweight":[78,182],"main":[80],"scene":[81],"algorithm":[85],"proposed:":[87],"Efficient":[88],"Attentional":[89,154],"Lightweight-YOLO":[90],"(EAL-YOLO),":[91],"accuracy":[94,205],"exceeds":[95],"model,":[99],"number":[102],"parameters":[104,229],"floating":[106],"point":[107],"operations":[108],"(FLOPs)":[109],"also":[111],"advantageous.":[112],"Firstly,":[113],"EfficientFormerV2":[115],"used":[117],"optimize":[119],"model":[121],"backbone,":[122],"Large":[125],"Separable":[126],"Kernel":[127],"Attention":[128],"(LSKA)":[129],"mechanism":[130],"been":[132],"incorporated":[133],"into":[134],"Spatial":[136],"Pyramid":[137],"Pooling":[138],"Fast":[139],"(SPPF)":[140],"enhance":[142,163],"model's":[144,165],"feature":[145],"extraction":[146],"capabilities;":[147],"secondly,":[148],"neck":[152],"network":[153],"scale":[155],"Sequence":[156],"Fusion":[157],"P2-Neck":[158],"(ASF2-Neck)":[159],"proposed":[161],"ability":[166],"detect":[168],"defects;":[171],"finally,":[172],"order":[174],"facilitate":[176],"devices,":[180],"shared":[183],"convolution":[184],"head":[186],"module":[187],"Lightweight":[188],"Shared":[189],"Convolutional":[190],"Head":[191],"(LSCHead)":[192],"proposed.":[194],"Experiments":[195],"show":[196],"that":[197],"compared":[198],"with":[199,239],"YOLOv8n,":[200],"EAL-YOLO":[201],"improved":[203],"its":[204],"by":[206,232],"2.93":[207],"percentage":[208],"points,":[209],"mAP50":[212],"12":[214],"types":[215],"typical":[217],"defects":[219],"reached":[221],"92.26%.":[222],"Concurrently,":[223],"quantity":[225],"FLOPs":[227],"46.5%":[233],"61.17%":[235],"respectively,":[236],"comparison":[238],"YOLOv8s,":[240],"meeting":[241],"needs":[243],"detection.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}