{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402408888","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24185880","title":"Realistic 3D Simulators for Automotive: A Review of Main Applications and Features","display_name":"Realistic 3D Simulators for Automotive: A Review of Main Applications and Features","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402408888","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24185880","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39338625"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24185880","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24185880","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/5880/pdf?version=1726111505","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/5880/pdf?version=1726111505","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034702582","display_name":"Ivo Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5423-0624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","display_name":"University of Minho","ror":"https://ror.org/037wpkx04","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ivo Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["ALGORITMI Research Center, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal","CMEMS\u2014Center for Microelectromechanical Systems, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ALGORITMI Research Center, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CMEMS\u2014Center for Microelectromechanical Systems, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057653866","display_name":"H\u00e9lder Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-6501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","display_name":"University of Minho","ror":"https://ror.org/037wpkx04","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H\u00e9lder Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["ALGORITMI Research Center, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ALGORITMI Research Center, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108152997","display_name":"Fabricio Botelho","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabricio Botelho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bosch Car Multimedia Portugal, S.A., 4701-970 Braga, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bosch Car Multimedia Portugal, S.A., 4701-970 Braga, Portugal","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003437196","display_name":"Cristiano Pend\u00e3o","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4563-7414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155381812","display_name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro","ror":"https://ror.org/03qc8vh97","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","display_name":"University of Minho","ror":"https://ror.org/037wpkx04","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cristiano Pend\u00e3o","raw_affiliation_strings":["ALGORITMI Research Center, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal","Department of Engineering, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ALGORITMI Research Center, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003437196","https://openalex.org/A5034702582"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155381812","https://openalex.org/I99682543"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.4198,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92773637,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"18","first_page":"5880","last_page":"5880"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.7982727885246277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-driver-assistance-systems","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","score":0.7193098664283752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5560210347175598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5305714011192322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.4743427336215973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fidelity","display_name":"Fidelity","score":0.4710065424442291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.42125070095062256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.33277738094329834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.326901912689209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.32110273838043213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18641707301139832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.0946936309337616}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.7982727885246277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.7193098664283752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5560210347175598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5305714011192322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.4743427336215973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.4710065424442291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.42125070095062256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.33277738094329834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.326901912689209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.32110273838043213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18641707301139832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0946936309337616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24185880","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24185880","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/5880/pdf?version=1726111505","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39338625","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39338625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11435838","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11435838","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11435838/pdf/sensors-24-05880.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ef75d6044934414a946ee66a743838bb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ef75d6044934414a946ee66a743838bb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 18, p 5880 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt:1822/93300","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1822/93300","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400354","display_name":"Reposit\u00f3riUM (Universidade do Minho)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","host_organization_name":"University of Minho","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24185880","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24185880","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/5880/pdf?version=1726111505","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6299999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402408888.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402408888.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062789233","https://openalex.org/W2121328283","https://openalex.org/W2328067583","https://openalex.org/W2566918566","https://openalex.org/W2615547864","https://openalex.org/W2751901671","https://openalex.org/W2800762072","https://openalex.org/W2903709398","https://openalex.org/W2912493354","https://openalex.org/W2947304855","https://openalex.org/W3014282671","https://openalex.org/W3097247087","https://openalex.org/W3113978062","https://openalex.org/W3117590843","https://openalex.org/W3187869944","https://openalex.org/W3189410793","https://openalex.org/W3210076120","https://openalex.org/W3212984309","https://openalex.org/W3213694496","https://openalex.org/W4200160430","https://openalex.org/W4214806122","https://openalex.org/W4226286144","https://openalex.org/W4287114153","https://openalex.org/W4298113282","https://openalex.org/W4308119828","https://openalex.org/W4372346221","https://openalex.org/W4384155506","https://openalex.org/W4385356441","https://openalex.org/W4390963263","https://openalex.org/W4392523567","https://openalex.org/W4393146722","https://openalex.org/W4393153717","https://openalex.org/W4400233329","https://openalex.org/W4400645853","https://openalex.org/W6745935785","https://openalex.org/W6810699731","https://openalex.org/W6859304811"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2381850946","https://openalex.org/W4380449851","https://openalex.org/W4382644535","https://openalex.org/W3125091513","https://openalex.org/W4318832338","https://openalex.org/W2522768275","https://openalex.org/W2352938035","https://openalex.org/W2351672553","https://openalex.org/W2373392303","https://openalex.org/W2773753696"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advancements":[1],"in":[2,114],"vehicle":[3,109],"technology":[4],"have":[5],"stimulated":[6],"innovation":[7],"across":[8],"the":[9,164],"automotive":[10,124],"sector,":[11],"from":[12],"Advanced":[13],"Driver":[14],"Assistance":[15],"Systems":[16],"(ADAS)":[17],"to":[18,84],"autonomous":[19,36,48,100],"driving":[20,101,105],"and":[21,33,46,60,65,87,97,103,107,111,134,149,151,176,191],"motorsport":[22],"applications.":[23,125],"Modern":[24],"vehicles,":[25],"equipped":[26],"with":[27,128],"sensors":[28],"for":[29,35,44,54,94,123,163],"perception,":[30],"localization,":[31],"navigation,":[32],"actuators":[34],"driving,":[37],"generate":[38],"vast":[39],"amounts":[40],"of":[41,131,189],"data":[42],"used":[43],"training":[45,113],"evaluating":[47],"systems.":[49,67],"Real-world":[50],"testing":[51,98],"is":[52,57],"essential":[53],"validation":[55],"but":[56],"complex,":[58],"expensive,":[59],"time-intensive,":[61],"requiring":[62],"multiple":[63,171],"vehicles":[64,86],"reference":[66],"To":[68],"address":[69],"these":[70],"challenges,":[71],"computer":[72,119],"graphics-based":[73,120],"simulators":[74,91,121,160],"offer":[75],"a":[76,186],"compelling":[77],"solution":[78],"by":[79],"providing":[80],"high-fidelity":[81],"3D":[82,169],"environments":[83],"simulate":[85],"road":[88],"users.":[89],"These":[90],"are":[92,161],"crucial":[93],"developing,":[95],"validating,":[96],"ADAS,":[99],"systems,":[102,106],"cooperative":[104],"enhancing":[108],"performance":[110],"driver":[112],"motorsport.":[115],"This":[116],"paper":[117,141],"reviews":[118],"tailored":[122],"It":[126],"begins":[127],"an":[129],"overview":[130],"their":[132,136],"applications":[133],"analyzes":[135],"key":[137],"features.":[138],"Additionally,":[139],"this":[140],"compares":[142],"five":[143],"open-source":[144,159],"(CARLA,":[145],"AirSim,":[146],"LGSVL,":[147],"AWSIM,":[148],"DeepDrive)":[150],"ten":[152],"commercial":[153,180],"simulators.":[154],"Our":[155],"findings":[156],"indicate":[157],"that":[158],"best":[162],"research":[165],"community,":[166],"offering":[167],"realistic":[168],"environments,":[170],"sensor":[172],"support,":[173],"APIs,":[174],"co-simulation,":[175],"community":[177],"support.":[178],"Conversely,":[179],"simulators,":[181],"while":[182],"less":[183],"extensible,":[184],"provide":[185],"broader":[187],"set":[188],"features":[190],"solutions.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
