{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402171444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175724","title":"Enhancing Facial Expression Recognition through Light Field Cameras","display_name":"Enhancing Facial Expression Recognition through Light Field Cameras","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402171444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175724","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39275635"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24175724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175724","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/17/5724/pdf?version=1725352078","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/17/5724/pdf?version=1725352078","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092842613","display_name":"Sabrine Djedjiga Oucherif","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21491767","display_name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/035xkbk20","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21491767"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138206","display_name":"Institut de Math\u00e9matiques de Marseille","ror":"https://ror.org/042h2y225","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I21491767","https://openalex.org/I4210138206","https://openalex.org/I4210141950","https://openalex.org/I4210142724"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sabrine Djedjiga Oucherif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de Math\u00e9matiques de Marseille (IMM), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Math\u00e9matiques de Marseille (IMM), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138206","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I21491767"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068583590","display_name":"Mohamad Motasem Nawaf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2156-8589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21491767","display_name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/035xkbk20","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21491767"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114274","display_name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes","ror":"https://ror.org/0257sgk90","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I143002897","https://openalex.org/I21491767","https://openalex.org/I4210114274"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohamad Motasem Nawaf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique et des Syst\u00e8mes (LIS), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique et des Syst\u00e8mes (LIS), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114274","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I21491767"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104555828","display_name":"Jean-Marc Bo\u00ef","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21491767","display_name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/035xkbk20","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21491767"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114274","display_name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes","ror":"https://ror.org/0257sgk90","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I143002897","https://openalex.org/I21491767","https://openalex.org/I4210114274"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean-Marc Bo\u00ef","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique et des Syst\u00e8mes (LIS), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique et des Syst\u00e8mes (LIS), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114274","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I21491767"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037426563","display_name":"Lionel Nicod","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8845-786X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21491767","display_name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/035xkbk20","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21491767"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104942","display_name":"Centre de Recherche et d\u2019Enseignement de G\u00e9osciences de l\u2019Environnement","ror":"https://ror.org/01pa4h393","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1327553481","https://openalex.org/I1327553481","https://openalex.org/I154202486","https://openalex.org/I154202486","https://openalex.org/I187986737","https://openalex.org/I21491767","https://openalex.org/I21491767","https://openalex.org/I2746051580","https://openalex.org/I2799535048","https://openalex.org/I2799535048","https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I4210088668","https://openalex.org/I4210088668","https://openalex.org/I4210088668","https://openalex.org/I4210088668","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210093025","https://openalex.org/I4210104942","https://openalex.org/I4210113730","https://openalex.org/I4210113730","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210148025","https://openalex.org/I4210166444","https://openalex.org/I4210166444","https://openalex.org/I4405257220","https://openalex.org/I4405257220"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lionel Nicod","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre d\u2019Etudes et de Recherche en Gestion d\u2019Aix-Marseille (CERGAM), Aix-Marseille University, 13013 Marseille, France","Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche en Gestion d'Aix-Marseille (CERGAM), Aix-Marseille University, 13013 Marseille, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre d\u2019Etudes et de Recherche en Gestion d\u2019Aix-Marseille (CERGAM), Aix-Marseille University, 13013 Marseille, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104942","https://openalex.org/I21491767"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche en Gestion d'Aix-Marseille (CERGAM), Aix-Marseille University, 13013 Marseille, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104942","https://openalex.org/I21491767"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112417018","display_name":"\u00c9lodie Mallor","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21491767","display_name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/035xkbk20","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21491767"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104942","display_name":"Centre de Recherche et d\u2019Enseignement de G\u00e9osciences de l\u2019Environnement","ror":"https://ror.org/01pa4h393","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1327553481","https://openalex.org/I1327553481","https://openalex.org/I154202486","https://openalex.org/I154202486","https://openalex.org/I187986737","https://openalex.org/I21491767","https://openalex.org/I21491767","https://openalex.org/I2746051580","https://openalex.org/I2799535048","https://openalex.org/I2799535048","https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I4210088668","https://openalex.org/I4210088668","https://openalex.org/I4210088668","https://openalex.org/I4210088668","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210093025","https://openalex.org/I4210104942","https://openalex.org/I4210113730","https://openalex.org/I4210113730","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210148025","https://openalex.org/I4210166444","https://openalex.org/I4210166444","https://openalex.org/I4405257220","https://openalex.org/I4405257220"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elodie Mallor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre d\u2019Etudes et de Recherche en Gestion d\u2019Aix-Marseille (CERGAM), Aix-Marseille University, 13013 Marseille, France","Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche en Gestion d'Aix-Marseille (CERGAM), Aix-Marseille University, 13013 Marseille, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre d\u2019Etudes et de Recherche en Gestion d\u2019Aix-Marseille (CERGAM), Aix-Marseille University, 13013 Marseille, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104942","https://openalex.org/I21491767"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche en Gestion d'Aix-Marseille (CERGAM), Aix-Marseille University, 13013 Marseille, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104942","https://openalex.org/I21491767"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034530845","display_name":"S\u00e9verine Dubuisson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7306-4134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21491767","display_name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/035xkbk20","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21491767"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114274","display_name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes","ror":"https://ror.org/0257sgk90","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I143002897","https://openalex.org/I21491767","https://openalex.org/I4210114274"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S\u00e9verine Dubuisson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique et des Syst\u00e8mes (LIS), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique et des Syst\u00e8mes (LIS), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114274","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I21491767"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066684090","display_name":"Djamal Merad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9233-0020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21491767","display_name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/035xkbk20","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21491767"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114274","display_name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes","ror":"https://ror.org/0257sgk90","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I143002897","https://openalex.org/I21491767","https://openalex.org/I4210114274"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Djamal Merad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique et des Syst\u00e8mes (LIS), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique et des Syst\u00e8mes (LIS), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114274","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I21491767"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068583590","https://openalex.org/A5092842613"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I21491767","https://openalex.org/I4210114274","https://openalex.org/I4210138206"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.7479,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71953129,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"17","first_page":"5724","last_page":"5724"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7267124652862549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6944457292556763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6856169700622559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6632995009422302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5377028584480286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4460000693798065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4270328879356384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.41099798679351807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3650932013988495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3626832664012909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12031346559524536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7267124652862549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6944457292556763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6856169700622559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6632995009422302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5377028584480286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4460000693798065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4270328879356384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.41099798679351807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3650932013988495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3626832664012909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12031346559524536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000086762","descriptor_name":"Automated Facial Recognition","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086762","descriptor_name":"Automated Facial Recognition","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086762","descriptor_name":"Automated Facial Recognition","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086762","descriptor_name":"Automated Facial Recognition","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24175724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175724","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/17/5724/pdf?version=1725352078","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39275635","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39275635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11398184","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11398184","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11398184/pdf/sensors-24-05724.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b9c88a9a98e9450ab7541588f23cc743","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b9c88a9a98e9450ab7541588f23cc743","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 17, p 5724 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24175724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175724","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/17/5724/pdf?version=1725352078","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402171444.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402171444.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2024218186","https://openalex.org/W2041616772","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2103943262","https://openalex.org/W2131774270","https://openalex.org/W2143050242","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2550377047","https://openalex.org/W2584561145","https://openalex.org/W2613569861","https://openalex.org/W2754051771","https://openalex.org/W2773508856","https://openalex.org/W2896512449","https://openalex.org/W2946948417","https://openalex.org/W2978360381","https://openalex.org/W2980281084","https://openalex.org/W2996033780","https://openalex.org/W3015476328","https://openalex.org/W3119444037","https://openalex.org/W3128991988","https://openalex.org/W3156576211","https://openalex.org/W4220887861","https://openalex.org/W4297499129","https://openalex.org/W4316660751","https://openalex.org/W4321231565","https://openalex.org/W4386590345","https://openalex.org/W4402727359","https://openalex.org/W6793164127","https://openalex.org/W6799427145"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W2770593030","https://openalex.org/W4321487865","https://openalex.org/W3154990682","https://openalex.org/W4313906399","https://openalex.org/W2560201613","https://openalex.org/W2171975302","https://openalex.org/W2022352247","https://openalex.org/W4391266461","https://openalex.org/W2590798552"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,44],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,46],"study":[4],"facial":[5],"expression":[6],"recognition":[7],"(FER)":[8],"using":[9,95,157],"three":[10],"modalities":[11],"obtained":[12],"from":[13],"a":[14,31,62,193],"light":[15],"field":[16],"camera:":[17],"sub-aperture":[18],"(SA),":[19],"depth":[20,144],"map,":[21],"and":[22,34,78,111,130,143,173,196],"all-in-focus":[23],"(AiF)":[24],"images.":[25,69],"Our":[26,89],"objective":[27],"is":[28,64],"to":[29,66,81],"construct":[30],"more":[32,194],"comprehensive":[33,195],"effective":[35],"FER":[36,87,128,198],"system":[37],"by":[38],"investigating":[39],"multimodal":[40,137],"fusion":[41,73,138,154],"strategies.":[42],"For":[43],"purpose,":[45],"employ":[47],"EfficientNetV2-S,":[48],"pre-trained":[49],"on":[50],"AffectNet,":[51],"as":[52],"our":[53,123,136],"primary":[54],"convolutional":[55],"neural":[56],"network.":[57],"This":[58,182],"model,":[59],"combined":[60],"with":[61],"BiGRU,":[63],"used":[65],"process":[67],"SA":[68,96],"We":[70],"evaluate":[71],"various":[72],"techniques":[74],"at":[75],"both":[76],"decision":[77],"feature":[79],"levels":[80],"assess":[82],"their":[83],"effectiveness":[84],"in":[85,126,192],"enhancing":[86,127],"accuracy.":[88],"findings":[90],"show":[91],"that":[92],"the":[93,107,116,169,178,185],"model":[94],"images":[97],"surpasses":[98],"state-of-the-art":[99],"performance,":[100],"achieving":[101,163],"88.13%":[102],"\u00b1":[103,113,165,175],"7.42%":[104],"accuracy":[105,129,167],"under":[106,115,168,177],"subject-specific":[108,170],"evaluation":[109,118,171,180],"protocol":[110,172],"91.88%":[112],"3.25%":[114],"subject-independent":[117,179],"protocol.":[119,181],"These":[120],"results":[121],"highlight":[122],"model's":[124],"potential":[125],"robustness,":[131],"outperforming":[132],"existing":[133],"methods.":[134],"Furthermore,":[135],"approach,":[139],"integrating":[140],"SA,":[141],"AiF,":[142],"images,":[145],"demonstrates":[146],"substantial":[147],"improvements":[148],"over":[149],"unimodal":[150],"models.":[151],"The":[152],"decision-level":[153],"strategy,":[155],"particularly":[156],"average":[158],"weights,":[159],"proved":[160],"most":[161],"effective,":[162],"90.13%":[164],"4.95%":[166],"93.33%":[174],"4.92%":[176],"approach":[183],"leverages":[184],"complementary":[186],"strengths":[187],"of":[188],"each":[189],"modality,":[190],"resulting":[191],"accurate":[197],"system.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}