{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402053002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175642","title":"Node Role Selection and Rotation Scheme for Energy Efficiency in Multi-Level IoT-Based Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks (HWSNs)","display_name":"Node Role Selection and Rotation Scheme for Energy Efficiency in Multi-Level IoT-Based Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks (HWSNs)","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402053002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175642","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39275554"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24175642","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175642","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/17/5642/pdf?version=1725015874","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/17/5642/pdf?version=1725015874","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088101986","display_name":"Tamoor Shafique","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8412-0066"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198012923","display_name":"University of Staffordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/00d6k8y35","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tamoor Shafique","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Digital, Technology, Innovation and Business, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DE, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8412-0066","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Digital, Technology, Innovation and Business, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060211303","display_name":"Abdel\u2010Hamid Soliman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-1107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198012923","display_name":"University of Staffordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/00d6k8y35","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdel-Hamid Soliman","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Digital, Technology, Innovation and Business, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DE, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-1107","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Digital, Technology, Innovation and Business, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016118746","display_name":"A. Amjad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1693-4054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198012923","display_name":"University of Staffordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/00d6k8y35","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anas Amjad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Digital, Technology, Innovation and Business, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DE, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Digital, Technology, Innovation and Business, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058906919","display_name":"Lorna Uden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8598-7355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198012923","display_name":"University of Staffordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/00d6k8y35","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorna Uden","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Digital, Technology, Innovation and Business, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DE, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8598-7355","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Digital, Technology, Innovation and Business, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037316877","display_name":"Debi Marie Roberts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1822-0701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198012923","display_name":"University of Staffordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/00d6k8y35","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debi Marie Roberts","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Digital, Technology, Innovation and Business, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DE, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1822-0701","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Digital, Technology, Innovation and Business, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088101986"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.7045,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8536226,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"17","first_page":"5642","last_page":"5642"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7533437013626099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.7046432495117188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.653114378452301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-network","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","score":0.5999555587768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5639404058456421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5456356406211853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provisioning","display_name":"Provisioning","score":0.537243127822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5092019438743591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.4796462655067444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.4761650264263153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.46886521577835083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.45117536187171936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.43877533078193665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.4273437559604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.42622387409210205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hop","display_name":"Hop (telecommunications)","score":0.42142438888549805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14160171151161194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0982581377029419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.09164032340049744}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7533437013626099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.7046432495117188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.653114378452301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.5999555587768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5639404058456421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5456356406211853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172191483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071806","display_name":"Provisioning","level":2,"score":0.537243127822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5092019438743591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.4796462655067444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.4761650264263153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.46886521577835083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.45117536187171936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.43877533078193665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4273437559604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.42622387409210205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25906391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432381","display_name":"Hop (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.42142438888549805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14160171151161194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0982581377029419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.09164032340049744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24175642","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175642","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/17/5642/pdf?version=1725015874","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39275554","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39275554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.staffs.ac.uk:8492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/8492/1/sensors-24-05642-v2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401113","display_name":"Staffordshire Online Repository (Staffordshire University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I198012923","host_organization_name":"University of Staffordshire","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11398111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11398111","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11398111/pdf/sensors-24-05642.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2e13b37dcf04488089d16f21784d29ad","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2e13b37dcf04488089d16f21784d29ad","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 17, p 5642 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/24/17/5642/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24175642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24175642","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175642","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/17/5642/pdf?version=1725015874","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402053002.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402053002.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1449224687","https://openalex.org/W1489200106","https://openalex.org/W1568303571","https://openalex.org/W1981606254","https://openalex.org/W1995135372","https://openalex.org/W1996255857","https://openalex.org/W2044376100","https://openalex.org/W2079051200","https://openalex.org/W2104846640","https://openalex.org/W2106335692","https://openalex.org/W2119106551","https://openalex.org/W2155492251","https://openalex.org/W2161578270","https://openalex.org/W2507260187","https://openalex.org/W2538108159","https://openalex.org/W2588592195","https://openalex.org/W2589333926","https://openalex.org/W2727268647","https://openalex.org/W2735493744","https://openalex.org/W2770999669","https://openalex.org/W2790384457","https://openalex.org/W2796653043","https://openalex.org/W2885371326","https://openalex.org/W2894164947","https://openalex.org/W2913300069","https://openalex.org/W2921476018","https://openalex.org/W2936766057","https://openalex.org/W2963071325","https://openalex.org/W2964184327","https://openalex.org/W2970980729","https://openalex.org/W2974672055","https://openalex.org/W2975894920","https://openalex.org/W3002229880","https://openalex.org/W3025070074","https://openalex.org/W3036707241","https://openalex.org/W3043822796","https://openalex.org/W3081060225","https://openalex.org/W3096398821","https://openalex.org/W3096673896","https://openalex.org/W3097786789","https://openalex.org/W3115647554","https://openalex.org/W3131865408","https://openalex.org/W3138242729","https://openalex.org/W3138726304","https://openalex.org/W3167629387","https://openalex.org/W3216181886","https://openalex.org/W4205441357","https://openalex.org/W4206560834","https://openalex.org/W4211021013","https://openalex.org/W4285114684","https://openalex.org/W4293732116","https://openalex.org/W4312960158","https://openalex.org/W4323767244","https://openalex.org/W4378882744","https://openalex.org/W4379528798","https://openalex.org/W4387885872","https://openalex.org/W4393140314","https://openalex.org/W6725047836","https://openalex.org/W6728527357","https://openalex.org/W6761482902"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2539674285","https://openalex.org/W1038122923","https://openalex.org/W1998322187","https://openalex.org/W2952514781","https://openalex.org/W3019210376","https://openalex.org/W2391145594","https://openalex.org/W2326572623","https://openalex.org/W1559320887","https://openalex.org/W2519669146","https://openalex.org/W2972242150"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,27,71],"emergence":[1],"of":[2,4,23,29,65,73,77,201],"Internet":[3],"Things":[5],"(IoT)-based":[6],"heterogeneous":[7],"wireless":[8],"sensor":[9],"network":[10,58,69],"(HWSN)":[11],"technology":[12],"has":[13],"become":[14],"widespread,":[15],"playing":[16],"a":[17,74,88,99,107,122,144,176],"significant":[18],"role":[19,28],"in":[20,38,44,125,136,199],"the":[21,54,128,137,153,166,169,183,190,202],"development":[22],"diverse":[24],"human-centric":[25],"applications.":[26],"efficient":[30,63],"resource":[31],"utilisation,":[32],"particularly":[33],"energy,":[34],"becomes":[35],"further":[36],"critical":[37],"IoT-based":[39,138,203],"HWSNs":[40],"than":[41],"it":[42],"was":[43],"WSNs.":[45],"Researchers":[46],"have":[47],"proposed":[48,148,181,191],"numerous":[49],"approaches":[50],"to":[51,61,83,87,121,127,132,207],"either":[52,81],"increase":[53,124,198],"provisioned":[55],"resources":[56,67],"on":[57],"devices":[59],"or":[60,86,155],"achieve":[62,193],"utilisation":[64],"these":[66],"during":[68],"operations.":[70],"application":[72],"vast":[75],"proportion":[76],"such":[78],"methods":[79,192],"is":[80,147,159,180],"limited":[82],"homogeneous":[84],"networks":[85],"single":[89],"parameter":[90],"and":[91,101,114,163,196,210],"limited-level":[92],"heterogeneity.":[93],"In":[94],"this":[95],"work,":[96],"we":[97],"propose":[98],"multi-parameter":[100],"multi-level":[102],"heterogeneity":[103],"model":[104],"along":[105],"with":[106],"cluster-head":[108],"rotation":[109,178],"method":[110,118,179],"that":[111,149,189],"balances":[112],"energy":[113,161],"maximizes":[115],"lifetime.":[116],"This":[117],"achieves":[119],"up":[120],"57%":[123],"throughput":[126,200],"base":[129],"station,":[130],"owing":[131],"improved":[133],"intra-cluster":[134],"communication":[135,158],"HWSN.":[139],"Furthermore,":[140],"for":[141],"inter-cluster":[142,157],"communication,":[143],"mathematical":[145],"framework":[146],"first":[150],"assesses":[151],"whether":[152],"single-hop":[154],"multi-hop":[156],"more":[160],"efficient,":[162],"then":[164],"computes":[165],"region":[167],"where":[168],"next":[170],"energy-efficient":[171],"hop":[172],"should":[173],"occur.":[174],"Finally,":[175],"relay-role":[177],"among":[182],"potential":[184],"next-hop":[185],"nodes.":[186],"Results":[187],"confirm":[188],"57.44%,":[194],"51.75%,":[195],"17.63%":[197],"HWSN":[204],"as":[205],"compared":[206],"RLEACH,":[208],"CRPFCM,":[209],"EERPMS,":[211],"respectively.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}