{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401947086","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175580","title":"Smart Ship Draft Reading by Dual-Flow Deep Learning Architecture and Multispectral Information","display_name":"Smart Ship Draft Reading by Dual-Flow Deep Learning Architecture and Multispectral Information","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401947086","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175580","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39275491"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24175580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175580","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175580","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100335367","display_name":"Bo Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1574-198X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165649","display_name":"China Coal Research Institute (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05dy2c135","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165649"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Coal Research Institute Corporation, Beijing 100013, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Coal Research Institute Corporation, Beijing 100013, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165649"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074215202","display_name":"Jiangyun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2288-7901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiangyun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Knowledge Automation for Industrial Processes, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China","School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Knowledge Automation for Industrial Processes, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074883969","display_name":"Haicheng Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5270-9965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haicheng Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Knowledge Automation for Industrial Processes, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China","School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Knowledge Automation for Industrial Processes, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100450813","display_name":"Xi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8654-0774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Knowledge Automation for Industrial Processes, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China","School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Knowledge Automation for Industrial Processes, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074215202"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.2262,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8017075,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"17","first_page":"5580","last_page":"5580"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9757000207901001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9638000130653381,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7147888541221619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6747314929962158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.6561646461486816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6273608207702637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.6077452301979065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6073375344276428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.600456953048706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hull","display_name":"Hull","score":0.5878365635871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backbone-network","display_name":"Backbone network","score":0.4938064515590668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.48388370871543884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4743990898132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","score":0.42705416679382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waterline","display_name":"Waterline","score":0.42660245299339294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-engineering","display_name":"Marine engineering","score":0.17230060696601868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16442513465881348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14323097467422485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.09942230582237244}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7147888541221619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6747314929962158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.6561646461486816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6273608207702637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.6077452301979065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6073375344276428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.600456953048706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37423430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6750281","display_name":"Hull","level":2,"score":0.5878365635871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88796919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142907","display_name":"Backbone network","level":2,"score":0.4938064515590668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.48388370871543884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4743990898132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.42705416679382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161064598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492878","display_name":"Waterline","level":3,"score":0.42660245299339294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.17230060696601868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16442513465881348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14323097467422485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.09942230582237244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24175580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175580","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39275491","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39275491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11398030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11398030","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4564f895a2434a1ebca7089befc83e85","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4564f895a2434a1ebca7089befc83e85","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 17, p 5580 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/24/17/5580/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24175580","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24175580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175580","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2008665443","https://openalex.org/W2054690521","https://openalex.org/W2063465199","https://openalex.org/W2064366162","https://openalex.org/W2114999812","https://openalex.org/W2208891084","https://openalex.org/W2355085100","https://openalex.org/W2531378274","https://openalex.org/W2791120002","https://openalex.org/W2884822772","https://openalex.org/W2922768892","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W3036931590","https://openalex.org/W3043177235","https://openalex.org/W3114361473","https://openalex.org/W3134771054","https://openalex.org/W3188816537","https://openalex.org/W4225324703","https://openalex.org/W4244980273","https://openalex.org/W4282979094","https://openalex.org/W4292793650","https://openalex.org/W4306147402","https://openalex.org/W4309199934","https://openalex.org/W4380896620","https://openalex.org/W4388469667","https://openalex.org/W4389280391","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6688301314","https://openalex.org/W6787342399","https://openalex.org/W6791840325","https://openalex.org/W6854352152","https://openalex.org/W6858376165"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1555361715","https://openalex.org/W642192866","https://openalex.org/W229293037","https://openalex.org/W2087802458","https://openalex.org/W2485826262","https://openalex.org/W638203743","https://openalex.org/W2792279927","https://openalex.org/W4385497869","https://openalex.org/W283587633","https://openalex.org/W251701093"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"maritime":[1],"transportation,":[2],"a":[3,9,97,121,170],"ship\u2019s":[4,20,98],"draft":[5,21,32,57,99,117,158,176,203,218],"survey":[6],"serves":[7],"as":[8,38,83,100],"primary":[10],"method":[11,215],"for":[12,115,216],"weighing":[13],"bulk":[14,27],"cargo.":[15],"The":[16,139,199],"accuracy":[17],"of":[18,26,68,96,108,166,172,188,201,213],"the":[19,24,62,65,101,105,146,162,175,186,189,202,211],"reading":[22,33,118,204,219],"determines":[23],"fairness":[25],"cargo":[28],"transactions.":[29],"Human":[30],"visual-based":[31],"methods":[34,51,74],"face":[35],"issues":[36],"such":[37,82],"safety":[39],"concerns,":[40],"high":[41],"labor":[42],"costs,":[43],"and":[44,91,112,130,136,150,157],"subjective":[45],"interpretation.":[46],"Therefore,":[47],"some":[48],"image":[49,72],"processing":[50,73],"are":[52,75],"utilized":[53],"to":[54,61,77,128,153,197],"achieve":[55],"automatic":[56,116,217],"reading.":[58],"However,":[59],"due":[60],"limitations":[63],"in":[64,174],"spectral":[66,132],"characteristics":[67],"RGB":[69,113,135],"images,":[70],"existing":[71,147],"susceptible":[76],"water":[78],"surface":[79],"environmental":[80],"interference,":[81],"reflections.":[84],"To":[85],"solve":[86],"this":[87],"issue,":[88],"we":[89,168],"obtained":[90],"annotated":[92],"524":[93],"multispectral":[94],"images":[95,114],"research":[102],"dataset,":[103],"marking":[104],"first":[106],"application":[107],"integrating":[109],"NIR":[110,137],"information":[111,133],"tasks.":[119,220],"Additionally,":[120],"dual-branch":[122,184],"backbone":[123,140,165],"named":[124],"BIF":[125],"is":[126,205],"proposed":[127],"extract":[129],"combine":[131],"from":[134,195],"images.":[138],"network":[141],"can":[142],"be":[143],"combined":[144],"with":[145,182],"segmentation":[148,156,191],"head":[149,152],"detection":[151,177],"perform":[154],"waterline":[155,190],"detection.":[159],"By":[160],"replacing":[161],"original":[163],"ResNet-50":[164],"YOLOv8,":[167],"reached":[169],"mAP":[171],"99.2%":[173],"task.":[178],"Similarly,":[179],"combining":[180],"UPerNet":[181],"our":[183,214],"backbone,":[185],"mIoU":[187],"task":[192],"was":[193],"improved":[194],"98.9%":[196],"99.3%.":[198],"inaccuracy":[200],"less":[206],"than":[207],"\u00b10.01":[208],"m,":[209],"confirming":[210],"efficacy":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}