{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401956371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175569","title":"Leakage Identification of Underground Structures Using Classification Deep Neural Networks and Transfer Learning","display_name":"Leakage Identification of Underground Structures Using Classification Deep Neural Networks and Transfer Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401956371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175569","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39275478"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24175569","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175569","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/17/5569/pdf?version=1724841999","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/17/5569/pdf?version=1724841999","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100417763","display_name":"Wenyang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4863-2045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152501","display_name":"China Power Engineering Consulting Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04t59qd02","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152501"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenyang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Economic & Technology Research Institute of State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company, Jinan 250021, China","Shandong Zhiyuan Electric Power Design Consulting Co., Ltd., Jinan 250021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economic & Technology Research Institute of State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company, Jinan 250021, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Zhiyuan Electric Power Design Consulting Co., Ltd., Jinan 250021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152501"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067631089","display_name":"Qingwei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5458-0210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152501","display_name":"China Power Engineering Consulting Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04t59qd02","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152501"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingwei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Economic & Technology Research Institute of State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company, Jinan 250021, China","Shandong Zhiyuan Electric Power Design Consulting Co., Ltd., Jinan 250021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economic & Technology Research Institute of State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company, Jinan 250021, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Zhiyuan Electric Power Design Consulting Co., Ltd., Jinan 250021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152501"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022017020","display_name":"Yongjiang Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4307-2066"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongjiang Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Rail Transit Engineering Structure, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China","School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Rail Transit Engineering Structure, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005867820","display_name":"Zhengliang Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9676-3229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhengliang Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Rail Transit Engineering Structure, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China","School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9676-3229","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Rail Transit Engineering Structure, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005867820"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.8896,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71152538,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"17","first_page":"5569","last_page":"5569"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11850","display_name":"Concrete Corrosion and Durability","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Underground Structures","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.771398663520813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7330024242401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7109193801879883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.7107235789299011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5936304330825806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5814219117164612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5779125094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-shortage","display_name":"Economic shortage","score":0.44806164503097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38293683528900146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3207627236843109}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.771398663520813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7330024242401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7109193801879883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.7107235789299011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5936304330825806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5814219117164612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5779125094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194051981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337691","display_name":"Economic shortage","level":3,"score":0.44806164503097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38293683528900146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3207627236843109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24175569","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175569","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/17/5569/pdf?version=1724841999","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39275478","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39275478","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11397748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11397748","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4e1be3e181304c2ea28f714ace717fba","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4e1be3e181304c2ea28f714ace717fba","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 17, p 5569 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/24/17/5569/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24175569","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24175569","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175569","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/17/5569/pdf?version=1724841999","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.800000011920929,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2368033862","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022M713545","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3861561418","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52208223","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4977751963","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023JJ40754","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6273260397","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023JJ40754","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G683368579","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022M713545","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7500448654","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZY-2023-04","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401956371.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401956371.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2168809519","https://openalex.org/W2791957585","https://openalex.org/W2794026873","https://openalex.org/W2796506861","https://openalex.org/W2807701216","https://openalex.org/W2917154014","https://openalex.org/W2919946988","https://openalex.org/W2948461581","https://openalex.org/W2989666287","https://openalex.org/W3013359997","https://openalex.org/W3016889634","https://openalex.org/W3032318421","https://openalex.org/W3039368862","https://openalex.org/W3044248863","https://openalex.org/W3047631334","https://openalex.org/W3083054455","https://openalex.org/W3094166660","https://openalex.org/W3105054740","https://openalex.org/W3110031974","https://openalex.org/W3204244898","https://openalex.org/W3209469852","https://openalex.org/W4205215834","https://openalex.org/W4206385156","https://openalex.org/W4225370595","https://openalex.org/W4281741377","https://openalex.org/W4281874032","https://openalex.org/W4283219217","https://openalex.org/W4283793781","https://openalex.org/W4284686792","https://openalex.org/W4289080111","https://openalex.org/W4303968572","https://openalex.org/W4307296199","https://openalex.org/W4308861844","https://openalex.org/W4313649483","https://openalex.org/W4320002812","https://openalex.org/W4328108957","https://openalex.org/W4380204542","https://openalex.org/W4383620917","https://openalex.org/W4392745221","https://openalex.org/W4394063123"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4206357785","https://openalex.org/W4281381188","https://openalex.org/W3192840557","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W4375928479","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3023427754","https://openalex.org/W3131673289","https://openalex.org/W4393011546","https://openalex.org/W3198847674"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Water":[0],"leakage":[1,58,68,85,127,136,176,200,238],"defects":[2],"often":[3],"occur":[4],"in":[5,46,93],"underground":[6,24,56,125],"structures,":[7],"leading":[8],"to":[9],"accelerated":[10],"structural":[11,15],"aging":[12],"and":[13,26,32,43,106,121,159,169,228],"threatening":[14],"safety.":[16],"Leakage":[17],"identification":[18,59,86],"can":[19,165,189],"detect":[20],"early":[21],"diseases":[22],"of":[23,64,124,138,149,195],"structures":[25],"provide":[27,167,191],"important":[28],"guidance":[29],"for":[30,55,84,240],"reinforcement":[31],"maintenance.":[33],"Deep":[34],"learning-based":[35],"computer":[36],"vision":[37],"methods":[38],"have":[39],"been":[40],"rapidly":[41],"developed":[42,88],"widely":[44],"used":[45],"many":[47],"fields.":[48],"However,":[49],"establishing":[50],"a":[51,62,79,115,122,192],"deep":[52,80,140],"learning":[53,92,117,141,164,188],"model":[54,185,223],"structure":[57,126],"usually":[60],"requires":[61],"lot":[63],"training":[65,150],"data":[66,77],"on":[67,90,134,174,198,236],"defects,":[69],"which":[70],"is":[71,87,119,128,143,211],"very":[72],"expensive.":[73],"To":[74,110],"overcome":[75],"the":[76,112,131,135,156,175,199,221,233,237],"shortage,":[78],"neural":[81],"network":[82],"method":[83],"based":[89],"transfer":[91,116,163,181,187,205,217],"this":[94],"paper.":[95],"For":[96],"comparison,":[97],"four":[98],"famous":[99],"classification":[100,113,132,172,196,209,242],"models,":[101,114],"including":[102],"VGG16,":[103,157],"AlexNet,":[104,158],"SqueezeNet,":[105],"ResNet18,":[107],"are":[108],"constructed.":[109],"train":[111],"strategy":[118],"developed,":[120],"dataset":[123,137,177,201,239],"created.":[129],"Finally,":[130],"performance":[133,173,197,210,231],"different":[139,147],"models":[142,161,235],"comparatively":[144],"studied":[145],"under":[146],"sizes":[148],"data.":[151],"The":[152,183],"results":[153],"showed":[154],"that":[155,203,215],"SqueezeNet":[160,222],"with":[162,186],"overall":[166,190,226],"higher":[168,227],"more":[170,212,229],"stable":[171,213,230],"than":[178,202,214,232],"those":[179],"without":[180,204,216],"learning.":[182,218],"ResNet18":[184],"similar":[193],"value":[194],"learning,":[206],"but":[207],"its":[208],"In":[219],"addition,":[220],"obtains":[224],"an":[225],"comparative":[234],"all":[241],"metrics.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-30T13:55:48.251075","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}