{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401891047","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175512","title":"Low-Resource Time-to-Digital Converters for Field Programmable Gate Arrays: A Review","display_name":"Low-Resource Time-to-Digital Converters for Field Programmable Gate Arrays: A Review","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401891047","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175512","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39275423"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24175512","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175512","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/17/5512/pdf?version=1724658942","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/17/5512/pdf?version=1724658942","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030053644","display_name":"D. Real","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1038-7021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16097986","display_name":"Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/043nxc105","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16097986"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101901","display_name":"Instituto de F\u00edsica Corpuscular","ror":"https://ror.org/017xch102","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I16097986","https://openalex.org/I4210101901"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Diego Real","raw_affiliation_strings":["IFIC\u2014Instituto de F\u00edsica Corpuscular, CSIC\u2014Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, c/Catedr\u00e1tico Jos\u00e9 Beltr\u00e1n, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1038-7021","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IFIC\u2014Instituto de F\u00edsica Corpuscular, CSIC\u2014Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, c/Catedr\u00e1tico Jos\u00e9 Beltr\u00e1n, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101901","https://openalex.org/I16097986"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032382385","display_name":"D. Calvo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5280-5770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16097986","display_name":"Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/043nxc105","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16097986"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101901","display_name":"Instituto de F\u00edsica Corpuscular","ror":"https://ror.org/017xch102","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I16097986","https://openalex.org/I4210101901"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Calvo","raw_affiliation_strings":["IFIC\u2014Instituto de F\u00edsica Corpuscular, CSIC\u2014Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, c/Catedr\u00e1tico Jos\u00e9 Beltr\u00e1n, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5280-5770","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IFIC\u2014Instituto de F\u00edsica Corpuscular, CSIC\u2014Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, c/Catedr\u00e1tico Jos\u00e9 Beltr\u00e1n, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101901","https://openalex.org/I16097986"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030053644"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16097986","https://openalex.org/I4210101901"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.9556,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75258367,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"17","first_page":"5512","last_page":"5512"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7893540859222412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5770154595375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring-oscillator","display_name":"Ring oscillator","score":0.557303249835968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.5322140455245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lookup-table","display_name":"Lookup table","score":0.5280573964118958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.5238652229309082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4775986671447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gate-array","display_name":"Gate array","score":0.46393492817878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3974068760871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3567376732826233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3548593521118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2766849994659424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.26743170619010925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.22915074229240417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.1389312744140625}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7893540859222412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5770154595375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104111718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2153973","display_name":"Ring oscillator","level":3,"score":0.557303249835968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.5322140455245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134835016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690265","display_name":"Lookup table","level":2,"score":0.5280573964118958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.5238652229309082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4775986671447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114237110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114901","display_name":"Gate array","level":3,"score":0.46393492817878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3974068760871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3567376732826233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3548593521118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2766849994659424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.26743170619010925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.22915074229240417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.1389312744140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24175512","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175512","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/17/5512/pdf?version=1724658942","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39275423","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39275423","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11398154","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11398154","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11398154/pdf/sensors-24-05512.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bd1363177818419f8e03fab4bc47d24f","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bd1363177818419f8e03fab4bc47d24f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 17, p 5512 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/24/17/5512/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24175512","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24175512","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175512","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/17/5512/pdf?version=1724658942","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G121809054","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MCIN/AEI/10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1622782223","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MCIN/AEI/10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2226204896","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2021-124591NB-C41","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2309174360","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3480869486","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5080475149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5361804551","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PDC2023-145913-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5550858994","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6558061132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MCIN/AEI/10.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6619188030","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PRTR-C17.I01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7084143925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7535663061","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8546142835","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PRTR-C17","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8872346354","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MCIN/AEI/10.13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401891047.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":81,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1524621886","https://openalex.org/W1524862478","https://openalex.org/W1788115699","https://openalex.org/W1852192422","https://openalex.org/W1964696471","https://openalex.org/W1971772932","https://openalex.org/W1972875099","https://openalex.org/W1973902586","https://openalex.org/W1974726194","https://openalex.org/W1997125567","https://openalex.org/W2008608544","https://openalex.org/W2017834411","https://openalex.org/W2018553702","https://openalex.org/W2054411048","https://openalex.org/W2058536289","https://openalex.org/W2068179127","https://openalex.org/W2073094150","https://openalex.org/W2081375306","https://openalex.org/W2126936678","https://openalex.org/W2130040053","https://openalex.org/W2134814047","https://openalex.org/W2138616926","https://openalex.org/W2148367377","https://openalex.org/W2148786558","https://openalex.org/W2149046857","https://openalex.org/W2163805454","https://openalex.org/W2164964876","https://openalex.org/W2304910813","https://openalex.org/W2330345634","https://openalex.org/W2494646569","https://openalex.org/W2516577415","https://openalex.org/W2538044006","https://openalex.org/W2547661017","https://openalex.org/W2591886159","https://openalex.org/W2594753677","https://openalex.org/W2601455338","https://openalex.org/W2604361647","https://openalex.org/W2724510192","https://openalex.org/W2738151715","https://openalex.org/W2782821369","https://openalex.org/W2792187523","https://openalex.org/W2831860248","https://openalex.org/W2883199817","https://openalex.org/W2884519067","https://openalex.org/W2901153470","https://openalex.org/W2903305064","https://openalex.org/W2970259285","https://openalex.org/W2974361668","https://openalex.org/W2978966630","https://openalex.org/W2990600596","https://openalex.org/W2995571213","https://openalex.org/W2998083304","https://openalex.org/W3011626338","https://openalex.org/W3044512749","https://openalex.org/W3093281349","https://openalex.org/W3099229992","https://openalex.org/W3107269424","https://openalex.org/W3116086763","https://openalex.org/W3119018166","https://openalex.org/W3120007113","https://openalex.org/W3192038096","https://openalex.org/W3197207422","https://openalex.org/W3199309858","https://openalex.org/W3213146617","https://openalex.org/W4205569215","https://openalex.org/W4206141977","https://openalex.org/W4212777504","https://openalex.org/W4220858631","https://openalex.org/W4221153995","https://openalex.org/W4313485762","https://openalex.org/W4317726026","https://openalex.org/W4385245306","https://openalex.org/W4387789709","https://openalex.org/W4388235167","https://openalex.org/W4388914393","https://openalex.org/W4392188902","https://openalex.org/W4392903298","https://openalex.org/W6683927371","https://openalex.org/W6728701847","https://openalex.org/W6776199828","https://openalex.org/W7034252310"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2117300767","https://openalex.org/W2024574431","https://openalex.org/W2374017528","https://openalex.org/W4285503609","https://openalex.org/W2126248441","https://openalex.org/W3018478474","https://openalex.org/W2367348190","https://openalex.org/W594316872","https://openalex.org/W2831860248","https://openalex.org/W3195700791"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,119],"fundamental":[1],"aspect":[2],"in":[3,40,138],"the":[4,17,24,32,44,73,98,136,139],"evolution":[5],"of":[6,26,75,102,135],"Time-to-Digital":[7],"Converters":[8],"(TDCs)":[9],"implemented":[10],"within":[11],"Field-Programmable":[12],"Gate":[13],"Arrays":[14],"(FPGAs),":[15],"given":[16],"increasing":[18],"demand":[19],"for":[20,36],"detection":[21],"channels,":[22],"is":[23,129],"optimization":[25],"resource":[27,58,117],"utilization.":[28,118],"This":[29],"study":[30],"reviews":[31],"principal":[33],"methodologies":[34],"employed":[35],"implementing":[37],"low-resource":[38,81,127],"TDCs":[39,89,128],"FPGAs.":[41],"It":[42],"outlines":[43],"foundational":[45],"architectures":[46,82],"and":[47,67,90,100,115],"interpolation":[48,91],"techniques":[49],"utilized":[50],"to":[51],"bolster":[52],"TDC":[53],"performances":[54],"without":[55],"unduly":[56],"burdening":[57],"consumption.":[59],"Low-resource":[60],"Tapped":[61],"Delay":[62],"Line,":[63],"Vernier":[64],"Ring":[65],"Oscillator,":[66],"Multi-Phase":[68],"Shift":[69],"Counter":[70,86],"TDCs,":[71],"including":[72,85],"use":[74],"SerDes,":[76],"are":[77,83,105],"reviewed.":[78],"Additionally,":[79],"novel":[80],"scrutinized,":[84],"Gray":[87],"Oscillator":[88],"expansions":[92],"using":[93],"Process-Voltage-Temperature":[94],"stable":[95],"IODELAYs.":[96],"Furthermore,":[97],"advantages":[99],"limitations":[101],"each":[103],"approach":[104],"critically":[106],"assessed,":[107],"with":[108],"particular":[109],"emphasis":[110],"on":[111,126],"resolution,":[112],"precision,":[113],"non-linearities,":[114],"especially":[116],"comprehensive":[120,133],"summary":[121],"table":[122],"encapsulating":[123],"existing":[124],"works":[125],"provided,":[130],"offering":[131],"a":[132],"overview":[134],"advancements":[137],"field.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
