{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401647250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165300","title":"Exploring the Processing Paradigm of Input Data for End-to-End Deep Learning in Tool Condition Monitoring","display_name":"Exploring the Processing Paradigm of Input Data for End-to-End Deep Learning in Tool Condition Monitoring","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401647250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165300","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39204994"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24165300","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165300","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165300","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078572787","display_name":"Chengguan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5787-7001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182722699","display_name":"Shenzhen Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00d2w9g53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182722699"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengguan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5787-7001","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182722699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032791839","display_name":"Guangping Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangping Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["AVIC Changhe Aircraft Industry (Group) Corporation Ltd., Jingdezhen 333002, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AVIC Changhe Aircraft Industry (Group) Corporation Ltd., Jingdezhen 333002, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078263922","display_name":"Tao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4294-9690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182722699","display_name":"Shenzhen Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00d2w9g53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182722699"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Ultrasonic Technology, Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Ultrasonic Technology, Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182722699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111293427","display_name":"Xiyao Xiong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiyao Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["AVIC Changhe Aircraft Industry (Group) Corporation Ltd., Jingdezhen 333002, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AVIC Changhe Aircraft Industry (Group) Corporation Ltd., Jingdezhen 333002, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113337929","display_name":"Zhongchuan Ouyang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongchuan Ouyang","raw_affiliation_strings":["AVIC Changhe Aircraft Industry (Group) Corporation Ltd., Jingdezhen 333002, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AVIC Changhe Aircraft Industry (Group) Corporation Ltd., Jingdezhen 333002, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037643671","display_name":"Tao Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3856-9911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182722699","display_name":"Shenzhen Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00d2w9g53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182722699"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tao Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China","Institute of Ultrasonic Technology, Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182722699"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Ultrasonic Technology, Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182722699"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037643671","https://openalex.org/A5078263922"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182722699"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":1.3224,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78491886,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"16","first_page":"5300","last_page":"5300"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14470","display_name":"Advanced Data Processing Techniques","score":0.955299973487854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9474999904632568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-to-end-principle","display_name":"End-to-end principle","score":0.6779558062553406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5374295115470886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paradigm-shift","display_name":"Paradigm shift","score":0.5127383470535278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-user","display_name":"End user","score":0.48580121994018555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47360682487487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42196953296661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3778282701969147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3765145540237427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.12894293665885925}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74296488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2527392","display_name":"End-to-end principle","level":2,"score":0.6779558062553406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5374295115470886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43540301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689971","display_name":"Paradigm shift","level":2,"score":0.5127383470535278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91262260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q528074","display_name":"End user","level":2,"score":0.48580121994018555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47360682487487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42196953296661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3778282701969147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3765145540237427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.12894293665885925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24165300","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165300","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39204994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39204994","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11360168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11360168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:390301792f9d419ba4e01f0c7acb344d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/390301792f9d419ba4e01f0c7acb344d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 16, p 5300 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24165300","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165300","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6100000143051147,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2564947831","https://openalex.org/W2580840020","https://openalex.org/W2810292802","https://openalex.org/W2886374926","https://openalex.org/W2890207295","https://openalex.org/W2950380591","https://openalex.org/W2967000986","https://openalex.org/W2979034075","https://openalex.org/W2997905955","https://openalex.org/W3022654668","https://openalex.org/W3028715102","https://openalex.org/W3041632065","https://openalex.org/W3090279272","https://openalex.org/W3119816807","https://openalex.org/W3147061871","https://openalex.org/W3166198317","https://openalex.org/W3183900226","https://openalex.org/W3184373264","https://openalex.org/W3189347266","https://openalex.org/W3190646162","https://openalex.org/W3216199104","https://openalex.org/W4200468453","https://openalex.org/W4205667839","https://openalex.org/W4213365729","https://openalex.org/W4220879794","https://openalex.org/W4223986161","https://openalex.org/W4224244351","https://openalex.org/W4225000175","https://openalex.org/W4280581965","https://openalex.org/W4280602937","https://openalex.org/W4280634259","https://openalex.org/W4281571843","https://openalex.org/W4281668695","https://openalex.org/W4281725884","https://openalex.org/W4281979933","https://openalex.org/W4283277618","https://openalex.org/W4283461933","https://openalex.org/W4285148077","https://openalex.org/W4286489760","https://openalex.org/W4292260879","https://openalex.org/W4297513758","https://openalex.org/W4307442568","https://openalex.org/W4307546657","https://openalex.org/W4309326559","https://openalex.org/W4311715044","https://openalex.org/W4312164128","https://openalex.org/W4318685223","https://openalex.org/W4321253252","https://openalex.org/W4323314350","https://openalex.org/W4323974907","https://openalex.org/W4324065031","https://openalex.org/W4324149004","https://openalex.org/W4353057113","https://openalex.org/W4365149431","https://openalex.org/W4365790153","https://openalex.org/W4381857294","https://openalex.org/W4383342710","https://openalex.org/W4384035819","https://openalex.org/W4385338577","https://openalex.org/W4387536962","https://openalex.org/W4391074247","https://openalex.org/W4392366422","https://openalex.org/W4396997607","https://openalex.org/W4399595920","https://openalex.org/W4399802350","https://openalex.org/W6799147427"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4299590256","https://openalex.org/W3163634122","https://openalex.org/W3119482857","https://openalex.org/W2919182614","https://openalex.org/W2166381389","https://openalex.org/W4393280045","https://openalex.org/W2054736184","https://openalex.org/W3159728998","https://openalex.org/W2677083173","https://openalex.org/W2485882820"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tool":[0],"condition":[1,251],"monitoring":[2,252],"technology":[3],"is":[4,69],"an":[5,104,125],"indispensable":[6],"part":[7],"of":[8,35,64,80,172,237,249],"intelligent":[9],"manufacturing.":[10],"Most":[11],"current":[12],"research":[13],"focuses":[14],"on":[15,159],"complex":[16],"signal":[17],"processing":[18,87],"techniques":[19],"or":[20],"advanced":[21],"deep":[22,36,97,228,238],"learning":[23,98,229,239],"algorithms":[24],"to":[25,144,232],"improve":[26],"prediction":[27,156],"performance":[28],"without":[29],"fully":[30],"leveraging":[31],"the":[32,86,114,117,121,146,160,164,170,173,184,188,191,204,234,243],"end-to-end":[33,235],"advantages":[34],"learning.":[37],"The":[38,149,215],"challenge":[39],"lies":[40],"in":[41,155,218],"transforming":[42],"multi-sensor":[43],"raw":[44,91,174],"data":[45,48,57,92,95,226],"into":[46,93],"input":[47,94,105,112,225],"suitable":[49],"for":[50,74,96,223,227],"direct":[51],"model":[52,128],"feeding,":[53],"all":[54],"while":[55],"minimizing":[56],"scale":[58],"and":[59,120,136,183,197,212,241,246],"preserving":[60],"sufficient":[61],"temporal":[62,185],"interpretation":[63],"tool":[65,250],"wear.":[66],"However,":[67],"there":[68],"no":[70],"clear":[71],"reference":[72],"standard":[73],"this":[75,82,219],"so":[76],"far.":[77],"In":[78],"light":[79],"this,":[81],"paper":[83,108,220],"innovatively":[84],"explores":[85],"methods":[88,216],"that":[89,129],"transform":[90],"models,":[99,230,240],"a":[100,131],"process":[101],"known":[102],"as":[103,163],"paradigm.":[106,123],"This":[107],"introduces":[109],"three":[110],"new":[111],"paradigms:":[113],"downsampling":[115],"paradigm,":[116,119],"periodic":[118],"subsequence":[122,150],"Then":[124],"improved":[126],"hybrid":[127],"combines":[130],"convolutional":[132],"neural":[133],"network":[134],"(CNN)":[135],"bidirectional":[137],"long":[138],"short-term":[139],"memory":[140],"(BiLSTM)":[141],"was":[142],"employed":[143],"validate":[145],"model's":[147,192],"performance.":[148],"paradigm":[151],"demonstrated":[152],"considerable":[153],"superiority":[154],"results":[157],"based":[158],"PHM2010":[161],"dataset,":[162],"newly":[165],"generated":[166],"time":[167],"series":[168],"maintained":[169],"integrity":[171],"data.":[175],"Further":[176],"investigation":[177],"revealed":[178],"that,":[179],"with":[180],"120":[181],"subsequences":[182],"indicator":[186],"being":[187],"maximum":[189],"value,":[190],"mean":[193,199],"absolute":[194],"error":[195,201],"(MAE)":[196],"root":[198],"square":[200],"(RMSE)":[202],"were":[203],"lowest":[205],"after":[206],"threefold":[207],"cross-validation,":[208],"outperforming":[209],"several":[210],"classical":[211],"contemporary":[213],"methods.":[214],"explored":[217],"provide":[221],"references":[222],"designing":[224],"helping":[231],"enhance":[233],"potential":[236],"promoting":[242],"industrial":[244],"deployment":[245],"practical":[247],"application":[248],"systems.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
