{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401544220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165234","title":"Energy-Efficient Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Grey Wolf Optimization and Enhanced CSMA/CA","display_name":"Energy-Efficient Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Grey Wolf Optimization and Enhanced CSMA/CA","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401544220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165234","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39204930"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24165234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165234","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/16/5234/pdf?version=1723541453","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/16/5234/pdf?version=1723541453","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041076525","display_name":"Mohammed Kaddi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0903-4218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22223346","display_name":"Ahmed Draia University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k476402","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22223346"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Kaddi","raw_affiliation_strings":["LDDI Laboratory, Mathematics and Computer Science Department, University of Adrar, Adrar 01000, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0903-4218","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LDDI Laboratory, Mathematics and Computer Science Department, University of Adrar, Adrar 01000, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22223346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051120069","display_name":"Mohammed Omari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6218-5560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153389","display_name":"American University of Ras Al Khaimah","ror":"https://ror.org/0440yjn92","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153389"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Omari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering Department, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 10021, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6218-5560","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 10021, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153389"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073023942","display_name":"Khouloud Salameh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0620-7769"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153389","display_name":"American University of Ras Al Khaimah","ror":"https://ror.org/0440yjn92","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153389"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khouloud Salameh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering Department, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 10021, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0620-7769","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 10021, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153389"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059441845","display_name":"Ali Alnoman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1991-5206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153389","display_name":"American University of Ras Al Khaimah","ror":"https://ror.org/0440yjn92","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153389"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Alnoman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering Department, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 10021, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 10021, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153389"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041076525"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22223346"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":6.737,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97228152,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"16","first_page":"5234","last_page":"5234"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schedule","display_name":"Schedule","score":0.5792574882507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5771237015724182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.568157970905304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.563437283039093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.540077805519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/duty-cycle","display_name":"Duty cycle","score":0.5038840174674988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.47556012868881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.4641987085342407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.4588705897331238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-performance","display_name":"Network performance","score":0.413392037153244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.3928847014904022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.33132466673851013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.30118095874786377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.14877426624298096}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.5792574882507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5771237015724182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.568157970905304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.563437283039093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.540077805519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199822604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557120","display_name":"Duty cycle","level":3,"score":0.5038840174674988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.47556012868881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.4641987085342407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4588705897331238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203274722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7001161","display_name":"Network performance","level":2,"score":0.413392037153244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.3928847014904022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.33132466673851013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.30118095874786377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.14877426624298096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24165234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165234","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/16/5234/pdf?version=1723541453","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39204930","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39204930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11359893","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11359893","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11359893/pdf/sensors-24-05234.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a47af5cebb4e4ee19084fb368eb715fd","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a47af5cebb4e4ee19084fb368eb715fd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 16, p 5234 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24165234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165234","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/16/5234/pdf?version=1723541453","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401544220.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1555270929","https://openalex.org/W1579298160","https://openalex.org/W1903776433","https://openalex.org/W2061438946","https://openalex.org/W2083971279","https://openalex.org/W2085188401","https://openalex.org/W2128272415","https://openalex.org/W2196999120","https://openalex.org/W2245904027","https://openalex.org/W2325275664","https://openalex.org/W2344896637","https://openalex.org/W2416614998","https://openalex.org/W2586480379","https://openalex.org/W2595636295","https://openalex.org/W2605731239","https://openalex.org/W2740358065","https://openalex.org/W2768240629","https://openalex.org/W2783214249","https://openalex.org/W2800400528","https://openalex.org/W2902335478","https://openalex.org/W2908183713","https://openalex.org/W2919979744","https://openalex.org/W2946074909","https://openalex.org/W2952524760","https://openalex.org/W2954380236","https://openalex.org/W2980751783","https://openalex.org/W2998528151","https://openalex.org/W3088442937","https://openalex.org/W3093942750","https://openalex.org/W3215934630","https://openalex.org/W4220872893","https://openalex.org/W4235292483","https://openalex.org/W4287155535","https://openalex.org/W4313259353","https://openalex.org/W4390103105","https://openalex.org/W4391131406","https://openalex.org/W4391539599","https://openalex.org/W4392385809","https://openalex.org/W4399886259","https://openalex.org/W4399955301","https://openalex.org/W4400418804","https://openalex.org/W6657681227","https://openalex.org/W6734541671","https://openalex.org/W6816715236","https://openalex.org/W6839896234"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2900105712","https://openalex.org/W4385507351","https://openalex.org/W881306924","https://openalex.org/W2885118911","https://openalex.org/W2808114008","https://openalex.org/W2017269528","https://openalex.org/W4252409419","https://openalex.org/W2367195577","https://openalex.org/W3127012794","https://openalex.org/W2589005798"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Survivability":[0],"is":[1,148],"a":[2,68,72,112,122,191],"critical":[3],"concern":[4],"in":[5,16,190,205,225],"WSNs,":[6,37],"heavily":[7],"influenced":[8],"by":[9,53,151],"energy":[10,14,51,101,180,211,228],"efficiency.":[11],"Addressing":[12],"severe":[13],"constraints":[15],"WSNs":[17],"requires":[18],"solutions":[19],"that":[20],"meet":[21],"application":[22],"goals":[23],"while":[24],"prolonging":[25],"network":[26,74,142,185,208,231],"life.":[27],"This":[28,146,170,213],"paper":[29],"presents":[30],"an":[31,81,152],"Energy":[32],"Optimization":[33,42],"Approach":[34],"(EOAMRCL)":[35],"for":[36,44,103],"integrating":[38,218],"the":[39,55,77,88,115,118,215,221],"Grey":[40],"Wolf":[41],"(GWO)":[43],"enhanced":[45,153],"performance.":[46,186,232],"EOAMRCL":[47,187],"aims":[48],"to":[49,106,132,140,163],"enhance":[50],"efficiency":[52,229],"selecting":[54],"optimal":[56,227],"duty-cycle":[57,123],"schedule,":[58],"transmission":[59,105,109,116],"power,":[60],"and":[61,136,160,167,178,201,210,220,230],"routing":[62,94,128],"paths.":[63],"The":[64,93],"proposed":[65],"approach":[66],"employs":[67],"centralized":[69],"strategy":[70],"using":[71,108],"hierarchical":[73],"architecture.":[75],"During":[76],"cluster":[78,90],"formation":[79],"phase,":[80,117],"objective":[82],"function,":[83],"augmented":[84],"with":[85,99,198],"GWO,":[86],"determines":[87],"ideal":[89],"heads":[91],"(CHs).":[92],"protocol":[95],"then":[96],"selects":[97],"routes":[98],"minimal":[100],"consumption":[102],"data":[104],"CHs,":[107],"power":[110],"as":[111],"metric.":[113],"In":[114],"MAC":[119],"layer":[120],"forms":[121],"schedule":[124],"based":[125],"on":[126],"cross-layer":[127],"information,":[129],"enabling":[130],"nodes":[131,162],"switch":[133],"between":[134,165],"active":[135,166],"sleep":[137,168],"modes":[138,159],"according":[139],"their":[141],"allocation":[143],"vectors":[144],"(NAVs).":[145],"process":[147],"further":[149],"optimized":[150],"CSMA/CA":[154,223],"mechanism,":[155],"which":[156],"incorporates":[157],"sleep/activate":[158],"pairing":[161],"alternate":[164],"states.":[169],"integration":[171],"reduces":[172],"collisions,":[173],"improves":[174],"channel":[175],"assessment":[176],"accuracy,":[177],"lowers":[179],"consumption,":[181],"thereby":[182],"enhancing":[183],"overall":[184],"was":[188],"evaluated":[189],"MATLAB":[192],"environment,":[193],"demonstrating":[194],"superior":[195],"performance":[196],"compared":[197],"EEUC,":[199],"DWEHC,":[200],"CGA-GWO":[202],"protocols,":[203],"particularly":[204],"terms":[206],"of":[207,217],"lifetime":[209],"consumption.":[212],"highlights":[214],"effectiveness":[216],"GWO":[219],"updated":[222],"mechanism":[224],"achieving":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
