{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401459496","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165149","title":"Evaluating Federated Learning Simulators: A Comparative Analysis of Horizontal and Vertical Approaches","display_name":"Evaluating Federated Learning Simulators: A Comparative Analysis of Horizontal and Vertical Approaches","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401459496","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165149","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39204845"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24165149","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165149","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/16/5149/pdf?version=1723187754","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/16/5149/pdf?version=1723187754","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098981633","display_name":"Ismail M. Elshair","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ismail M. Elshair","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Systems Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4897-1445","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057642361","display_name":"Tariq Jamil Saifullah Khanzada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1617-4403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180291457","display_name":"Mehran University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0575ttm03","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["PK","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tariq Jamil Saifullah Khanzada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Systems Engineering Department, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro 76062, Pakistan","Information Systems Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1617-4403","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Systems Engineering Department, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro 76062, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022175285","display_name":"Muhammad Farrukh Shahid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Farrukh Shahid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Karachi 75030, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8787-1868","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Karachi 75030, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103095736","display_name":"Shahbaz Siddiqui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8179-5682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahbaz Siddiqui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Karachi 75030, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Karachi 75030, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5098981633"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.6671,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86158685,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"16","first_page":"5149","last_page":"5149"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.9686999917030334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7962970733642578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7419295310974121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.6864285469055176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5957612991333008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5314240455627441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/horizontal-and-vertical","display_name":"Horizontal and vertical","score":0.514700710773468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5033077597618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4862569570541382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4672662317752838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4421570599079132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.2623908817768097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.19465768337249756}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7962970733642578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7419295310974121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.6864285469055176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5957612991333008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5314240455627441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59218005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027571","display_name":"Horizontal and vertical","level":2,"score":0.514700710773468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5033077597618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4862569570541382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4672662317752838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4421570599079132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2623908817768097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.19465768337249756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24165149","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165149","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/16/5149/pdf?version=1723187754","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39204845","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39204845","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11360435","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11360435","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11360435/pdf/sensors-24-05149.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:495d290fe87245ca9b1d8f8effd1d28c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/495d290fe87245ca9b1d8f8effd1d28c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 16, p 5149 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24165149","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165149","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/16/5149/pdf?version=1723187754","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322322","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401459496.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401459496.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007339694","https://openalex.org/W2539283139","https://openalex.org/W2541884796","https://openalex.org/W2756203131","https://openalex.org/W2787894218","https://openalex.org/W2936286953","https://openalex.org/W2965341826","https://openalex.org/W2995022099","https://openalex.org/W2995191368","https://openalex.org/W3011292000","https://openalex.org/W3012501605","https://openalex.org/W3020687048","https://openalex.org/W3023574229","https://openalex.org/W3037913917","https://openalex.org/W3038022836","https://openalex.org/W3038028469","https://openalex.org/W3045638580","https://openalex.org/W3086590218","https://openalex.org/W3103720336","https://openalex.org/W3103802018","https://openalex.org/W3109695251","https://openalex.org/W3109725889","https://openalex.org/W3117687414","https://openalex.org/W3126441351","https://openalex.org/W3128382687","https://openalex.org/W3144673632","https://openalex.org/W3162480662","https://openalex.org/W3162518478","https://openalex.org/W3172018708","https://openalex.org/W3192098883","https://openalex.org/W4205345379","https://openalex.org/W4210503603","https://openalex.org/W4210712880","https://openalex.org/W4280520205","https://openalex.org/W4282049157","https://openalex.org/W4282924463","https://openalex.org/W4293333643","https://openalex.org/W4313443452","https://openalex.org/W4323256870","https://openalex.org/W4384519193","https://openalex.org/W4385231735","https://openalex.org/W4388482951","https://openalex.org/W4388854885","https://openalex.org/W4392203282","https://openalex.org/W4399943989","https://openalex.org/W6759226220","https://openalex.org/W6759238902","https://openalex.org/W6773291377","https://openalex.org/W6786061324","https://openalex.org/W7048885668"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386603768","https://openalex.org/W2950475743","https://openalex.org/W2886711096","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W4380078352","https://openalex.org/W3046591097","https://openalex.org/W4389249638","https://openalex.org/W2733410219","https://openalex.org/W2734358244","https://openalex.org/W4388700941"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"learning":[1,7,60],"(FL)":[2],"is":[3,12,82],"a":[4,58,140],"decentralized":[5,99],"machine":[6,33],"approach":[8],"whereby":[9],"each":[10],"device":[11],"allowed":[13],"to":[14,161,174,181],"train":[15],"local":[16],"models,":[17],"eliminating":[18],"the":[19,85,94,103,116,147,196,201],"requirement":[20],"for":[21,207],"centralized":[22,32,101],"data":[23,27,52,63],"collecting":[24,57],"and":[25,54,79,89,112,128,135,159,165,178,190],"ensuring":[26],"privacy.":[28],"Unlike":[29],"typical":[30,31],"learning,":[34],"collaborative":[35],"model":[36,143,188],"training":[37],"in":[38,67,73,102,114,200],"FL":[39,68,123,137],"involves":[40],"aggregating":[41],"updates":[42],"from":[43,61],"various":[44,95],"devices":[45,66],"without":[46],"sending":[47],"raw":[48],"data.":[49],"This":[50,91],"ensures":[51],"privacy":[53,76],"security":[55],"while":[56],"collective":[59],"distributed":[62],"sources.":[64],"These":[65],"models":[69],"exhibit":[70],"high":[71],"efficacy":[72],"terms":[74],"of":[75,87,97,105,118,203],"protection,":[77],"scalability,":[78],"robustness,":[80],"which":[81],"contingent":[83],"upon":[84],"success":[86],"communication":[88,191],"collaboration.":[90],"paper":[92,168],"explore":[93],"topologies":[96],"both":[98],"or":[100],"context":[104],"FL.":[106],"In":[107],"this":[108],"respect,":[109],"we":[110,151],"investigated":[111],"explored":[113],"detail":[115],"evaluation":[117],"four":[119],"widly":[120],"used":[121],"end-to-end":[122],"frameworks:":[124],"FedML,":[125],"Flower,":[126],"Flute,":[127],"PySyft.":[129],"We":[130],"specifically":[131],"focused":[132],"on":[133,154,172],"vertical":[134,179],"horizontal":[136,177],"systems":[138],"using":[139],"logistic":[141],"regression":[142],"that":[144,198],"aggregated":[145],"by":[146],"FedAvg":[148],"algorithm.":[149],"specifically,":[150],"conducted":[152],"experiments":[153],"two":[155],"images":[156],"datasets,":[157],"MNIST":[158],"Fashion-MNIST,":[160],"evaluate":[162],"their":[163],"efficiency":[164],"performance.":[166],"Our":[167,193],"provides":[169],"initial":[170],"findings":[171],"how":[173],"effectively":[175],"combine":[176],"solutions":[180],"address":[182],"common":[183],"difficulties,":[184],"such":[185],"as":[186],"managing":[187],"synchronization":[189],"overhead.":[192],"research":[194],"indicates":[195],"trade-offs":[197],"exist":[199],"performance":[202],"several":[204],"simulation":[205],"frameworks":[206],"federated":[208],"learning.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}