{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401074605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154903","title":"Enhancing Multichannel Fiber Optic Sensing Systems with IFFT-DNN for Remote Water Level Monitoring","display_name":"Enhancing Multichannel Fiber Optic Sensing Systems with IFFT-DNN for Remote Water Level Monitoring","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401074605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154903","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39123950"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24154903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154903","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/15/4903/pdf?version=1722231609","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/15/4903/pdf?version=1722231609","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089095140","display_name":"Erfan Dejband","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0620-4536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erfan Dejband","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0620-4536","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081953554","display_name":"Tan-Hsu Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2956-6115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tan-Hsu Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan","Innovation Frontier Institute of Research for Science and Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Frontier Institute of Research for Science and Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079344724","display_name":"Cheng-Kai Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3031-6407"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng-Kai Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3031-6407","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106038953","display_name":"En-Ming Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"En-Ming Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107977273","display_name":"Peng-Chun Peng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peng-Chun Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5107977273"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.2116,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78829308,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"15","first_page":"4903","last_page":"4903"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7353106737136841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fast-fourier-transform","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","score":0.6334452033042908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5465036630630493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-fiber","display_name":"Optical fiber","score":0.5171341300010681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4624038338661194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crosstalk","display_name":"Crosstalk","score":0.45680469274520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-domain","display_name":"Frequency domain","score":0.4424936771392822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber-optic-sensor","display_name":"Fiber optic sensor","score":0.44247934222221375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.42414015531539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4059872627258301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3662649393081665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3641340732574463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19061395525932312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1851733922958374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.13869550824165344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1352047324180603}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7353106737136841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75172450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623950","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.6334452033042908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5465036630630493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.5171341300010681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4624038338661194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169822122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230187","display_name":"Crosstalk","level":2,"score":0.45680469274520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.4424936771392822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21651689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397427","display_name":"Fiber optic sensor","level":3,"score":0.44247934222221375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.42414015531539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4059872627258301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3662649393081665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3641340732574463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19061395525932312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1851733922958374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.13869550824165344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1352047324180603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24154903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154903","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/15/4903/pdf?version=1722231609","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39123950","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39123950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11314856","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11314856","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11314856/pdf/sensors-24-04903.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2a8bd8a0312b494d90b435f615554063","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2a8bd8a0312b494d90b435f615554063","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 15, p 4903 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24154903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154903","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/15/4903/pdf?version=1722231609","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.6700000166893005,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G158325407","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSTC 112-2221-E-027-076-MY2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G445469013","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSTC 112- 2221-E-027-076-MY2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G905465996","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSTC 112-2221-E-027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","display_name":"National Science and Technology Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00wnb9798"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401074605.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2318278560","https://openalex.org/W2594576911","https://openalex.org/W2596268455","https://openalex.org/W2902921809","https://openalex.org/W2959576750","https://openalex.org/W3004504080","https://openalex.org/W3004838059","https://openalex.org/W3005667846","https://openalex.org/W3037930154","https://openalex.org/W3045946030","https://openalex.org/W3114322375","https://openalex.org/W3120684330","https://openalex.org/W3174889029","https://openalex.org/W3182604870","https://openalex.org/W3207648312","https://openalex.org/W4205190369","https://openalex.org/W4225562088","https://openalex.org/W4280536487","https://openalex.org/W4285500704","https://openalex.org/W4289866088","https://openalex.org/W4293152028","https://openalex.org/W4308147514","https://openalex.org/W4311137473","https://openalex.org/W4311968544","https://openalex.org/W4313449220","https://openalex.org/W4318050020","https://openalex.org/W4320518953","https://openalex.org/W4321458632","https://openalex.org/W4328031341","https://openalex.org/W4328098554","https://openalex.org/W4367281437","https://openalex.org/W4375928411","https://openalex.org/W4384666235","https://openalex.org/W4387235420","https://openalex.org/W4387731995","https://openalex.org/W4391097147","https://openalex.org/W6640015359","https://openalex.org/W6734382127","https://openalex.org/W6734806735"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W610912452","https://openalex.org/W2942569287","https://openalex.org/W2547494374","https://openalex.org/W1979506785","https://openalex.org/W2075841941","https://openalex.org/W3182082895","https://openalex.org/W1996601847","https://openalex.org/W3012181898","https://openalex.org/W141287084","https://openalex.org/W2082444836"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,47,66,98,114],"novel":[4],"approach":[5],"to":[6,25,78],"enhance":[7],"the":[8,53,61,80,93],"multichannel":[9,67],"fiber":[10],"optic":[11],"sensing":[12,70,121],"systems":[13],"by":[14],"integrating":[15],"an":[16],"Inverse":[17],"Fast":[18],"Fourier":[19],"Transform-based":[20],"Deep":[21],"Neural":[22],"Network":[23],"(IFFT-DNN)":[24],"accurately":[26],"predict":[27],"sensor":[28],"responses":[29],"despite":[30],"signals":[31],"overlapping":[32],"and":[33,42,56,116],"crosstalk":[34],"between":[35],"sensors.":[36],"The":[37,89],"IFFT-DNN":[38],"leverages":[39],"both":[40],"frequency":[41],"time":[43],"domain":[44],"information,":[45],"enabling":[46],"comprehensive":[48],"feature":[49],"extraction":[50],"which":[51],"enhances":[52],"prediction":[54],"accuracy":[55],"reliability":[57],"performance.":[58],"To":[59],"investigate":[60],"IFFT-DNN's":[62],"performance,":[63],"we":[64],"propose":[65],"water":[68,81,119],"level":[69,82,120],"system":[71,112],"based":[72],"on":[73],"Free":[74],"Space":[75],"Optics":[76],"(FSO)":[77],"measure":[79],"at":[83],"multiple":[84],"points":[85],"in":[86,107,127],"remote":[87,118],"areas.":[88],"experimental":[90],"results":[91],"demonstrate":[92],"system's":[94],"high":[95],"precision,":[96],"with":[97],"Mean":[99],"Absolute":[100],"Error":[101],"(MAE)":[102],"of":[103],"0.07":[104],"cm,":[105],"even":[106],"complex":[108],"conditions.":[109],"Hence,":[110],"this":[111],"provides":[113],"cost-effective":[115],"reliable":[117],"solution,":[122],"highlighting":[123],"its":[124],"practical":[125],"applicability":[126],"various":[128],"industrial":[129],"settings.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
