{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401018950","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154868","title":"Revealing the Ground Deformation and Its Mechanism in the Heihe River Basin by Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar and Optical Images","display_name":"Revealing the Ground Deformation and Its Mechanism in the Heihe River Basin by Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar and Optical Images","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401018950","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154868","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39123915"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24154868","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154868","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105100888","display_name":"Qunpeng Cui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3125743391","display_name":"China University of Geosciences (Beijing)","ror":"https://ror.org/04q6c7p66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qunpeng Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0122-3482","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076403298","display_name":"Yuedong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0784-5239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3125743391","display_name":"China University of Geosciences (Beijing)","ror":"https://ror.org/04q6c7p66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuedong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0784-5239","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Pengkun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9751-5714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3125743391","display_name":"China University of Geosciences (Beijing)","ror":"https://ror.org/04q6c7p66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengkun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9751-5714","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045301388","display_name":"Ke Tan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3125743391","display_name":"China University of Geosciences (Beijing)","ror":"https://ror.org/04q6c7p66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7591-1978","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059188698","display_name":"Guangcai Feng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangcai Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4815-495X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076403298"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14651156,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"15","first_page":"4868","last_page":"4868"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferometric-synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6981492042541504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.6351258754730225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drainage-basin","display_name":"Drainage basin","score":0.6206485629081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-basin","display_name":"Structural basin","score":0.5973934531211853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.5201625823974609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deformation","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","score":0.4919900596141815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4764288365840912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arid","display_name":"Arid","score":0.4721783697605133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.44637665152549744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subsidence","display_name":"Subsidence","score":0.4225451350212097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrology","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","score":0.34542346000671387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.24678710103034973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.13149484992027283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.12782913446426392}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22286887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666056","display_name":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar","level":3,"score":0.6981492042541504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.6351258754730225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126645576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166620","display_name":"Drainage basin","level":2,"score":0.6206485629081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.5973934531211853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.5201625823974609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204366326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027650","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.4919900596141815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4764288365840912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150772632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330709","display_name":"Arid","level":2,"score":0.4721783697605133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.44637665152549744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180851071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849953","display_name":"Subsidence","level":3,"score":0.4225451350212097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.34542346000671387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.24678710103034973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13149484992027283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12782913446426392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24154868","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39123915","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39123915","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11314984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11314984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3184003cf7ac4121af49ed29f473c164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3184003cf7ac4121af49ed29f473c164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 15, p 4868 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24154868","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.5}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6512485715","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2652023069","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6871588719","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42174039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963876849","https://openalex.org/W2084744129","https://openalex.org/W2086011904","https://openalex.org/W2152657318","https://openalex.org/W2557972103","https://openalex.org/W2752504213","https://openalex.org/W2792465991","https://openalex.org/W2896326005","https://openalex.org/W2916756308","https://openalex.org/W2945223238","https://openalex.org/W2947643141","https://openalex.org/W2948613401","https://openalex.org/W2969843439","https://openalex.org/W2982976968","https://openalex.org/W2986535668","https://openalex.org/W3005097120","https://openalex.org/W3037289846","https://openalex.org/W3043065844","https://openalex.org/W3095617654","https://openalex.org/W3112264702","https://openalex.org/W3120852410","https://openalex.org/W3126263659","https://openalex.org/W3205423163","https://openalex.org/W3205868696","https://openalex.org/W3207200417","https://openalex.org/W3210601370","https://openalex.org/W4240207576","https://openalex.org/W4310396557","https://openalex.org/W4362578863","https://openalex.org/W4383117921","https://openalex.org/W4385197093","https://openalex.org/W4389277023","https://openalex.org/W6762878200","https://openalex.org/W6802429614","https://openalex.org/W6853946571","https://openalex.org/W6911097187","https://openalex.org/W7035796066"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2790032735","https://openalex.org/W3206958763","https://openalex.org/W2159160885","https://openalex.org/W2127359929","https://openalex.org/W2113346282","https://openalex.org/W2374921833","https://openalex.org/W2130313420","https://openalex.org/W2367032543","https://openalex.org/W2365547495","https://openalex.org/W4294237504"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,122,134,164,173,214,262,278],"Heihe":[1],"River":[2],"Basin":[3],"(HRB),":[4],"located":[5],"on":[6,64,69],"the":[7,11,42,54,85,116,126,140,143,160,180,198,205,211,219,224,238,256,260,274,287,293],"northeast":[8],"margin":[9],"of":[10,48,56,84,88,125,139,218,259,273,292],"Qilian":[12],"Mountains,":[13],"is":[14,22,36,102,128,145,168],"China's":[15,30],"second":[16],"largest":[17],"inland":[18,57,294],"river":[19,58,295],"basin.":[20],"It":[21,35],"a":[23],"typical":[24],"oasis-type":[25],"agricultural":[26],"area":[27],"in":[28,51,159],"northwest":[29],"arid":[31],"and":[32,40,46,81,157,177,191,209,233,252,270,284,289],"semiarid":[33],"areas.":[34,213],"important":[37],"to":[38,104,120,188,203,254],"monitor":[39],"investigate":[41],"spatiotemporal":[43,263],"distribution":[44],"characteristics":[45],"mechanisms":[47],"surface":[49,86,141,257,271],"deformation":[50,124,155,166,212,220,272],"HRB":[52,65,117,127,144,275],"for":[53,131,286],"ecology":[55],"basins.":[59],"In":[60,90],"recent":[61],"years,":[62],"research":[63],"has":[66],"mainly":[67],"focused":[68],"hydrology,":[70],"meteorology,":[71],"geology,":[72],"or":[73],"biology.":[74],"Few":[75],"studies":[76],"have":[77],"conducted":[78],"wide-area":[79,123],"monitoring":[80,240],"mechanism":[82],"analysis":[83,98],"stability":[87],"HRB.":[89,261],"this":[91,132],"study,":[92],"an":[93,153],"improved":[94],"interferometric":[95],"point":[96],"target":[97],"InSAR":[99,239],"(IPTA-InSAR)":[100],"technique":[101],"used":[103],"process":[105,204],"101":[106],"Sentinel-1":[107],"SAR":[108],"images":[109,208],"from":[110,118],"two":[111],"adjacent":[112],"track":[113],"frames":[114],"covering":[115],"2019":[119],"2020.":[121],"obtained":[129,236],"first":[130],"period.":[133,241],"results":[135,248,279],"show":[136],"that":[137],"most":[138],"around":[142],"relatively":[146],"stable.":[147],"There":[148],"are":[149,235,276],"six":[150],"areas":[151],"with":[152,249],"extensive":[154],"range":[156],"magnitude":[158],"plain":[161],"oasis":[162],"area.":[163],"maximum":[165,174],"rate":[167],"more":[169],"than":[170],"50":[171],"mm/year.":[172],"seasonal":[175],"subsidence":[176],"uplift":[178],"along":[179],"satellites'":[181],"line-of-sight":[182],"(LOS)":[183],"direction":[184],"can":[185],"be":[186],"up":[187],"-70":[189],"mm":[190],"60":[192],"mm,":[193],"respectively.":[194],"Moreover,":[195],"we":[196],"use":[197],"Google":[199],"Earth":[200],"Engine":[201],"platform":[202],"multisource":[206],"optical":[207],"analyze":[210,255],"remote":[215,246],"sensing":[216,247],"indicators":[217],"areas,":[221],"such":[222],"as":[223],"normalized":[225],"difference":[226],"vegetation":[227,268],"index":[228],"(NDVI),":[229],"soil":[230,250,266],"moisture":[231],"(SMMI),":[232],"precipitation,":[234],"during":[237],"We":[242],"combine":[243],"these":[244],"integrated":[245],"type":[251],"precipitation":[253],"deformations":[258],"relationships":[264],"between":[265],"moisture,":[267],"cover,":[269],"revealed.":[277],"will":[280],"provide":[281],"data":[282],"support":[283],"reference":[285],"healthy":[288],"sustainable":[290],"development":[291],"basin":[296],"economic":[297],"zone.":[298]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
