{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400982133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154825","title":"Software-Defined Radio Implementation of a LoRa Transceiver","display_name":"Software-Defined Radio Implementation of a LoRa Transceiver","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400982133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154825","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39123873"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24154825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154825","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105081554","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro de Omena Simas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8223-4586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro de Omena Simas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065416140","display_name":"Daniel Gaetano Riviello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7714-9191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Gaetano Riviello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090719949","display_name":"Roberto Garello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0292-4648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Garello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090719949"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.6561,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68674546,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"15","first_page":"4825","last_page":"4825"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lpwan","display_name":"LPWAN","score":0.9009574055671692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transceiver","display_name":"Transceiver","score":0.8096446990966797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.736390233039856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol-stack","display_name":"Protocol stack","score":0.7197844982147217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-radio","display_name":"Software-defined radio","score":0.6487913131713867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phy","display_name":"PHY","score":0.5945344567298889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.5740224123001099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5469973683357239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5320578217506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.5179768800735474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.4815528690814972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.44690579175949097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.42752695083618164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4259248971939087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.42276713252067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4139465093612671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.28730127215385437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wide-area-network","display_name":"Wide area network","score":0.27370917797088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21554160118103027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.20600146055221558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.1212712824344635}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20706829","display_name":"LPWAN","level":3,"score":0.9009574055671692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7720470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954187","display_name":"Transceiver","level":3,"score":0.8096446990966797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.736390233039856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38601921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757693","display_name":"Protocol stack","level":3,"score":0.7197844982147217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171115542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331892","display_name":"Software-defined radio","level":2,"score":0.6487913131713867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41918916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"PHY","level":4,"score":0.5945344567298889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.5740224123001099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5469973683357239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5320578217506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.5179768800735474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4815528690814972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.44690579175949097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.42752695083618164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4259248971939087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.42276713252067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4139465093612671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.28730127215385437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776238582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11384","display_name":"Wide area network","level":2,"score":0.27370917797088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21554160118103027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.20600146055221558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.1212712824344635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24154825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39123873","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39123873","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/978136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/15/4825","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/15/4825/pdf?version=1721899602","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11315052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11315052","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11315052/pdf/sensors-24-04825.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fd6facf3b44b436fb32ae6a77193b413","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fd6facf3b44b436fb32ae6a77193b413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 15, p 4825 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24154825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084471278","https://openalex.org/W2794682992","https://openalex.org/W2900142556","https://openalex.org/W2917931339","https://openalex.org/W2946248107","https://openalex.org/W2964082093","https://openalex.org/W2979307024","https://openalex.org/W2991027810","https://openalex.org/W3006550663","https://openalex.org/W3047258710","https://openalex.org/W4307330877","https://openalex.org/W4312520069","https://openalex.org/W6730505117","https://openalex.org/W6964094731"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2558305529","https://openalex.org/W2945523224","https://openalex.org/W4313639042","https://openalex.org/W2949952077","https://openalex.org/W3162678986","https://openalex.org/W2444418218","https://openalex.org/W2727597159","https://openalex.org/W4241709719","https://openalex.org/W3047258710","https://openalex.org/W2514934301"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,55],"number":[1,23],"of":[2,4,24,49,51,101,114,136,138],"applications":[3,137],"low-power":[5],"wide-area":[6],"networks":[7],"(LPWANs)":[8],"has":[9,21],"been":[10],"growing":[11],"quite":[12],"considerably":[13],"in":[14,124,151],"the":[15,22,41,45,52,97,115,140,168],"past":[16],"few":[17],"years":[18],"and":[19,47,76,79,117,122,127,142,158,173],"so":[20],"protocol":[25,37],"stacks.":[26],"Despite":[27],"this":[28,95],"fact,":[29],"there":[30],"is":[31,61,74],"still":[32,90],"no":[33],"fully":[34,59],"open":[35,60,75],"LPWAN":[36],"stack":[38],"available":[39,160],"to":[40,57,148,165],"public,":[42],"which":[43,145],"limits":[44],"flexibility":[46],"ease":[48],"integration":[50],"existing":[53],"ones.":[54],"closest":[56],"being":[58],"LoRa;":[62],"however,":[63],"only":[64,91,106],"its":[65,77,118,143],"medium":[66],"access":[67],"control":[68,82],"(MAC)":[69],"layer,":[70],"known":[71,85],"as":[72,86],"LoRaWAN,":[73],"physical":[78],"logical":[80],"link":[81],"layers,":[83],"also":[84],"LoRa":[87,102],"PHY,":[88],"are":[89,104,120,146,163],"partially":[92],"understood.":[93],"In":[94],"paper,":[96],"essential":[98],"missing":[99],"aspects":[100],"PHY":[103],"not":[105],"reverse":[107],"engineered,":[108],"but":[109],"also,":[110],"a":[111,125,152],"new":[112],"design":[113],"transceiver":[116,141],"sub-components":[119],"proposed":[121],"implemented":[123],"modular":[126],"flexible":[128],"way":[129],"using":[130,156],"GNU":[131],"Radio.":[132],"Finally,":[133],"some":[134],"examples":[135],"both":[139],"components,":[144],"made":[147],"be":[149,171],"run":[150],"simple":[153],"setup":[154],"by":[155],"cheap":[157],"widely":[159],"off-the-shelf":[161],"hardware,":[162],"given":[164],"show":[166],"how":[167],"library":[169],"can":[170],"used":[172],"extended.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T14:59:36.786465","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
