{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400951183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154786","title":"An Improved Fire and Smoke Detection Method Based on YOLOv8n for Smart Factories","display_name":"An Improved Fire and Smoke Detection Method Based on YOLOv8n for Smart Factories","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400951183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154786","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39123833"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24154786","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154786","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/15/4786/pdf?version=1721805923","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/15/4786/pdf?version=1721805923","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031170163","display_name":"Ziyang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5593-5034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046868013","display_name":"Lingye Tan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingye Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084894615","display_name":"Tiong Lee Kong Robert","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tiong Lee Kong Robert","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084894615"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":5.6645,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96464741,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"15","first_page":"4786","last_page":"4786"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12222","display_name":"IoT-based Smart Home Systems","score":0.961899995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fire-detection","display_name":"Fire detection","score":0.6877268552780151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoke","display_name":"Smoke","score":0.6755779981613159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5949783325195312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.4636825919151306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3894660472869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.35857391357421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.33019888401031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2647196650505066}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780836893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19922674","display_name":"Fire detection","level":2,"score":0.6877268552780151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58874564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130768","display_name":"Smoke","level":2,"score":0.6755779981613159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5949783325195312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.4636825919151306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3894660472869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.35857391357421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33019888401031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2647196650505066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24154786","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154786","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/15/4786/pdf?version=1721805923","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39123833","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39123833","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11314977","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11314977","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11314977/pdf/sensors-24-04786.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bba3cd7290894b6ea1bb2ed4805a87b6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bba3cd7290894b6ea1bb2ed4805a87b6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 15, p 4786 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/180464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/180464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24154786","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154786","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/15/4786/pdf?version=1721805923","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400951183.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1909366555","https://openalex.org/W1996199746","https://openalex.org/W1998892133","https://openalex.org/W2000994785","https://openalex.org/W2018229212","https://openalex.org/W2029376156","https://openalex.org/W2039983430","https://openalex.org/W2082091929","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2154400911","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2511413110","https://openalex.org/W2611171851","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2883780447","https://openalex.org/W2936299508","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W3081497476","https://openalex.org/W3094252352","https://openalex.org/W3100733145","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3113922403","https://openalex.org/W3132971810","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3170009461","https://openalex.org/W4200555195","https://openalex.org/W4213223813","https://openalex.org/W4214663719","https://openalex.org/W4225151841","https://openalex.org/W4309955902","https://openalex.org/W4312443924","https://openalex.org/W4318464214","https://openalex.org/W4319985715","https://openalex.org/W4321214536","https://openalex.org/W4327620340","https://openalex.org/W4327953416","https://openalex.org/W4377141775","https://openalex.org/W4383695095","https://openalex.org/W4385342336","https://openalex.org/W4386076083","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W4387503356","https://openalex.org/W4391029095","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6762585180","https://openalex.org/W6846863797"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2999380063","https://openalex.org/W2392528038","https://openalex.org/W2015259196","https://openalex.org/W2770974135","https://openalex.org/W4386447087","https://openalex.org/W2803990755","https://openalex.org/W2373782842","https://openalex.org/W4283775558","https://openalex.org/W1482594609","https://openalex.org/W2049066971"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Factories":[0],"play":[1],"a":[2,58,98],"crucial":[3],"role":[4],"in":[5,13,41,129,192,221],"economic":[6],"and":[7,20,35,81,95,106,118,133,149,158,162,178,201,239],"social":[8],"development.":[9],"However,":[10],"fire":[11,25,50,59,73,80,238],"disasters":[12],"factories":[14,71],"greatly":[15],"threaten":[16],"both":[17],"human":[18],"lives":[19],"properties.":[21],"Previous":[22],"studies":[23,47],"about":[24],"detection":[26,34,83,127,134],"using":[27],"deep":[28],"learning":[29],"mostly":[30],"focused":[31],"on":[32,49,86,120],"wildfire":[33],"ignored":[36],"the":[37,54,90,93,121,125,141,155,166,205,214,234],"fires":[38],"that":[39,185],"happened":[40],"factories.":[42],"In":[43],"addition,":[44],"lots":[45],"of":[46,57,92,131,228,236],"focus":[48],"detection,":[51],"while":[52],"smoke,":[53],"important":[55],"derivative":[56],"disaster,":[60],"is":[61,110,137,170],"not":[62],"detected":[63],"by":[64,172],"such":[65],"algorithms.":[66],"To":[67,88],"better":[68,190],"help":[69],"smart":[70],"monitor":[72],"disasters,":[74],"this":[75],"paper":[76],"proposes":[77],"an":[78,176,226],"improved":[79,187],"smoke":[82,240],"method":[84],"based":[85],"YOLOv8n.":[87],"ensure":[89,175],"quality":[91],"algorithm":[94,188,216],"training":[96],"process,":[97],"self-made":[99],"dataset":[100],"including":[101],"more":[102],"than":[103],"5000":[104],"images":[105],"their":[107],"corresponding":[108],"labels":[109],"created.":[111],"Then,":[112],"nine":[113],"advanced":[114],"algorithms":[115],"are":[116,151,211,242],"selected":[117,152],"tested":[119],"dataset.":[122],"YOLOv8n":[123],"exhibits":[124],"best":[126],"results":[128],"terms":[130],"accuracy":[132],"speed.":[135],"ConNeXtV2":[136],"then":[138],"inserted":[139],"into":[140],"backbone":[142],"to":[143,153,174],"enhance":[144],"inter-channel":[145],"feature":[146],"competition.":[147],"RepBlock":[148],"SimConv":[150],"replace":[154],"original":[156,206],"Conv":[157],"improve":[159],"computational":[160],"ability":[161],"memory":[163],"bandwidth.":[164],"For":[165],"loss":[167],"function,":[168],"CIoU":[169],"replaced":[171],"MPDIoU":[173],"efficient":[177],"accurate":[179],"bounding":[180],"box.":[181],"Ablation":[182],"tests":[183],"show":[184],"our":[186],"achieves":[189,217],"performance":[191],"all":[193],"four":[194,209],"metrics":[195,210],"reflecting":[196],"accuracy:":[197],"precision,":[198],"recall,":[199],"F1,":[200],"mAP@50.":[202],"Compared":[203],"with":[204],"model,":[207],"whose":[208],"approximately":[212,229],"90%,":[213],"modified":[215],"above":[218],"95%.":[219],"mAP@50":[220],"particular":[222],"reaches":[223],"95.6%,":[224],"exhibiting":[225],"improvement":[227],"4.5%.":[230],"Although":[231],"complexity":[232],"improves,":[233],"requirements":[235],"real-time":[237],"monitoring":[241],"satisfied.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-20T22:02:38.213706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}