{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400906155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154771","title":"Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation of Stainless-Steel Resistance Spot Welding Based on Spiral C-Scan Technique","display_name":"Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation of Stainless-Steel Resistance Spot Welding Based on Spiral C-Scan Technique","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400906155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154771","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39123817"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24154771","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154771","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/15/4771/pdf?version=1721728739","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/15/4771/pdf?version=1721728739","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004301239","display_name":"Liang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2250-9612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157507598","display_name":"Shenyang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7f8730","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157507598"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China","School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157507598"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078318475","display_name":"Rongyan Chuai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9707-748X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157507598","display_name":"Shenyang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7f8730","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157507598"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rongyan Chuai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157507598"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100997556","display_name":"Guixi Cai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guixi Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001847366","display_name":"Dan Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3386-4377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157507598","display_name":"Shenyang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7f8730","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157507598"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157507598"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100640768","display_name":"Jingming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1248-7656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112554675","display_name":"Kunlin Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kunlin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115591728","display_name":"Chang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0650-1773"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5115591728"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.8977,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84194181,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"15","first_page":"4771","last_page":"4771"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10723","display_name":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10723","display_name":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10834","display_name":"Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spot-welding","display_name":"Spot welding","score":0.8237955570220947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasonic-sensor","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","score":0.7109690308570862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiral","display_name":"Spiral (railway)","score":0.6127736568450928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/welding","display_name":"Welding","score":0.5858464241027832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasonic-testing","display_name":"Ultrasonic testing","score":0.5802261233329773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nondestructive-testing","display_name":"Nondestructive testing","score":0.5744516253471375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.5136787295341492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soldering","display_name":"Soldering","score":0.4519694149494171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4025460183620453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.39421942830085754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.37025564908981323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3287196755409241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.26087281107902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.20938774943351746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.1292734146118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110209231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2327972","display_name":"Spot welding","level":3,"score":0.8237955570220947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81288441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20736125","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","level":2,"score":0.7109690308570862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174128100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846907","display_name":"Spiral (railway)","level":2,"score":0.6127736568450928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19474535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131172","display_name":"Welding","level":2,"score":0.5858464241027832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139730468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779355","display_name":"Ultrasonic testing","level":3,"score":0.5802261233329773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56529433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q626700","display_name":"Nondestructive testing","level":2,"score":0.5744516253471375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.5136787295341492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50296614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211387","display_name":"Soldering","level":2,"score":0.4519694149494171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4025460183620453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.39421942830085754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.37025564908981323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3287196755409241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26087281107902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.20938774943351746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.1292734146118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24154771","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154771","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/15/4771/pdf?version=1721728739","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39123817","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39123817","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11314981","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11314981","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11314981/pdf/sensors-24-04771.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f39c3bb0d42c4381b27bd063ac5b5e1f","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f39c3bb0d42c4381b27bd063ac5b5e1f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 15, p 4771 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24154771","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154771","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/15/4771/pdf?version=1721728739","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1801205988","display_name":"\u9ad8\u56fa\u6709\u9891\u7387\u7eb3\u7c73\u819c\u538b\u963b\u52a0\u901f\u5ea6\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61372019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G518822183","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61372019 and 62301339","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G575327046","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LJKMZ20220478","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8212088259","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62301339","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400906155.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400906155.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1944902497","https://openalex.org/W1987915364","https://openalex.org/W2125410023","https://openalex.org/W2533201948","https://openalex.org/W2594001745","https://openalex.org/W2614819813","https://openalex.org/W2643667892","https://openalex.org/W2789425502","https://openalex.org/W2953425392","https://openalex.org/W3019800843","https://openalex.org/W3138929423","https://openalex.org/W3197572529","https://openalex.org/W4297152520","https://openalex.org/W4307370355","https://openalex.org/W4313611830","https://openalex.org/W4362635180","https://openalex.org/W4388968684","https://openalex.org/W4396674154"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2767051368","https://openalex.org/W890166521","https://openalex.org/W2465306490","https://openalex.org/W2955340206","https://openalex.org/W2352912787","https://openalex.org/W1995414748","https://openalex.org/W3119722270","https://openalex.org/W14343735","https://openalex.org/W2522613448","https://openalex.org/W1990014742"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"order":[1],"to":[2,91,107,161,181,194],"achieve":[3],"the":[4,28,38,47,50,55,59,65,77,80,85,88,92,98,109,112,116,119,130,149,152,162,171,183,196],"non-destructive":[5],"testing":[6,22],"and":[7,46,72,84,97,124,146,175,203],"quality":[8,39,110],"evaluation":[9,40],"of":[10,30,41,49,58,67,87,100,111,118,155,168,173,186,200],"stainless-steel":[11],"resistance":[12],"spot":[13],"welding":[14],"(RSW)":[15],"joints,":[16,202],"a":[17],"portable":[18],"ultrasonic":[19,31,51],"spiral":[20],"C-scan":[21,52],"instrument":[23],"was":[24,44,61],"developed":[25],"based":[26,63],"on":[27,64,129],"principle":[29,66],"pulse":[32],"reflection.":[33],"A":[34],"mathematical":[35],"model":[36],"for":[37],"RSW":[42,60,187,201],"joints":[43,132],"established,":[45],"centroid":[48,78],"image":[53,81],"in":[54,79],"nugget":[56],"zone":[57],"determined":[62],"static":[68],"moment.":[69],"The":[70,135],"longest":[71,89],"shortest":[73,93],"axes":[74],"passing":[75],"through":[76],"were":[82,104,127],"extracted,":[83],"ratio":[86],"axis":[90,94,101],"(RLS)":[95],"factor":[96,103],"average":[99],"(AOA)":[102],"calculated,":[105],"respectively,":[106],"evaluate":[108,182,198],"joint.":[113],"To":[114],"study":[115],"effectiveness":[117],"detection":[120,140,145,150,153],"results,":[121],"tensile":[122],"tests,":[123],"stereo":[125],"analysis":[126],"conducted":[128],"solder":[131],"after":[133],"sampling.":[134],"results":[136],"indicate":[137],"that":[138],"this":[139],"method":[141],"can":[142,178,191],"realize":[143,204],"online":[144],"significantly":[147],"improve":[148],"efficiency;":[151],"value":[154,164],"internal":[156],"defect":[157],"size":[158],"is":[159],"close":[160],"true":[163],"with":[165],"an":[166],"error":[167],"0.1":[169],"mm;":[170],"combination":[172],"RLS":[174],"AOA":[176],"factors":[177],"be":[179,192],"used":[180,193],"mechanical":[184],"properties":[185],"joints.":[188],"This":[189],"technology":[190],"solve":[195],"NDT,":[197],"problems":[199],"engineering":[205],"applications.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}