{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400724767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144642","title":"Biases in Ecoacoustics Analysis: A Protocol to Equalize Audio Recorders","display_name":"Biases in Ecoacoustics Analysis: A Protocol to Equalize Audio Recorders","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400724767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144642","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39066040"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24144642","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144642","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/14/4642/pdf?version=1721367926","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/14/4642/pdf?version=1721367926","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087355430","display_name":"Andrea Potenza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3871-694X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Potenza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3871-694X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030014412","display_name":"Valentina Caorsi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4166-9600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valentina Zaffaroni-Caorsi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072588880","display_name":"R. Benocci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1195-4542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Benocci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1195-4542","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104632801","display_name":"Giorgia Guagliumi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3817-7062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giorgia Guagliumi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3817-7062","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005169390","display_name":"Jalal M. Fouani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5683-9444"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jalal M. Fouani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher, 40132 Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5683-9444","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher, 40132 Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014272150","display_name":"Alessandro Bisceglie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1494-737X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Bisceglie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061572578","display_name":"Giovanni Zambon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2842-7132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Zambon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2842-7132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087355430"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.9781,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92893401,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"14","first_page":"4642","last_page":"4642"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11665","display_name":"Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1309","display_name":"Developmental Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11665","display_name":"Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1309","display_name":"Developmental Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13996","display_name":"Diverse Musicological Studies","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1210","display_name":"Music"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10659","display_name":"Marine animal studies overview","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.6173627972602844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5181211829185486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.0854501724243164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.6173627972602844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5181211829185486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0854501724243164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24144642","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144642","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/14/4642/pdf?version=1721367926","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39066040","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39066040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:boa.unimib.it:10281/506681","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10281/506681","pdf_url":"https://boa.unimib.it/bitstream/10281/506681/1/Potenza-2024-Sensors-VoR.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401259","display_name":"BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","host_organization_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11280489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11280489","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11280489/pdf/sensors-24-04642.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d895128160b94851b6a6274b0b101ee2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d895128160b94851b6a6274b0b101ee2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 14, p 4642 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24144642","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144642","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/14/4642/pdf?version=1721367926","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324133","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400724767.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400724767.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W144217880","https://openalex.org/W1971700825","https://openalex.org/W1998051117","https://openalex.org/W2018140578","https://openalex.org/W2056479357","https://openalex.org/W2057914072","https://openalex.org/W2060240784","https://openalex.org/W2091024108","https://openalex.org/W2138761758","https://openalex.org/W2183659962","https://openalex.org/W2557312801","https://openalex.org/W2740570950","https://openalex.org/W2884602043","https://openalex.org/W2891659113","https://openalex.org/W2894847505","https://openalex.org/W2900196549","https://openalex.org/W2900884109","https://openalex.org/W2955571688","https://openalex.org/W2983414267","https://openalex.org/W3016297068","https://openalex.org/W3019299250","https://openalex.org/W3081674090","https://openalex.org/W3087586998","https://openalex.org/W3112068822","https://openalex.org/W3161588834","https://openalex.org/W3182862481","https://openalex.org/W3198443173","https://openalex.org/W3211391719","https://openalex.org/W4229366890","https://openalex.org/W4292411597","https://openalex.org/W4312712109","https://openalex.org/W4312922473","https://openalex.org/W4313260623","https://openalex.org/W4320734310","https://openalex.org/W4320917534","https://openalex.org/W4321374470","https://openalex.org/W4323668230","https://openalex.org/W4376609808","https://openalex.org/W4379795833","https://openalex.org/W4385323870","https://openalex.org/W4385416115","https://openalex.org/W4386029818","https://openalex.org/W4387820478","https://openalex.org/W4390596591","https://openalex.org/W4391822304"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W4395014643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Eco-acoustic":[0],"indices":[1],"allow":[2],"us":[3],"to":[4,53,59,85,118,164],"rapidly":[5],"evaluate":[6],"habitats":[7],"and":[8,10,23,46,57,64,70,78,102,111,156,183,199],"ecosystems":[9],"derive":[11],"information":[12],"about":[13],"anthropophonic":[14],"impacts.":[15],"However,":[16],"it":[17],"is":[18,50],"proven":[19],"that":[20],"indices'":[21,88,192],"values":[22],"trends":[24],"are":[25],"not":[26],"comparable":[27],"between":[28,66],"studies.":[29],"These":[30],"incongruences":[31,58],"may":[32],"be":[33],"caused":[34],"by":[35,90],"the":[36,39,108,115,144,173,195],"availability":[37],"on":[38,177,194],"market":[40],"of":[41,114,120,172],"recorders":[42,117],"with":[43],"different":[44],"characteristics":[45],"costs.":[47],"Thus,":[48],"there":[49],"a":[51,121,134,139,157,166,188],"need":[52],"reduce":[54,86],"these":[55],"biases":[56,193],"ensure":[60],"an":[61,80,149,181],"accurate":[62],"analysis":[63],"comparison":[65],"soundscape":[67,93,116],"ecology":[68],"studies":[69],"habitat":[71],"assessments.":[72],"In":[73],"this":[74],"study,":[75],"we":[76],"propose":[77],"validate":[79],"audio":[81,154],"recording":[82],"equalization":[83,105],"protocol":[84],"eco-acoustic":[87],"biases,":[89],"testing":[91],"three":[92],"recorder":[94],"models:":[95],"Song":[96,196],"Meter":[97,197],"Micro,":[98],"Soundscape":[99],"Explorer":[100],"Terrestrial":[101],"Audiomoth.":[103,200],"The":[104,126,169],"process":[106],"aligns":[107],"signal":[109,141],"amplitude":[110],"frequency":[112],"response":[113],"those":[119],"type":[122,158],"1":[123,159],"level":[124,161],"meter.":[125],"adjustment":[127],"was":[128,175],"made":[129],"in":[130,148,180,191],"MATLAB":[131],"R2023a":[132],"using":[133,152],"filter":[135],"curve":[136],"generated":[137],"comparing":[138],"reference":[140],"(white":[142],"noise);":[143],"measurements":[145],"were":[146],"performed":[147,176],"anechoic":[150],"chamber":[151],"11":[153],"sensors":[155],"sound":[160],"meter":[162],"(able":[163],"produce":[165],".WAV":[167],"file).":[168],"statistical":[170],"validation":[171],"procedure":[174],"recordings":[178],"obtained":[179],"urban":[182],"Regional":[184],"Park":[185],"(Italy)":[186],"assessing":[187],"significant":[189],"reduction":[190],"Micro":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}