{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400724741","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144625","title":"Exploring Spectrogram-Based Audio Classification for Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Study on Speech Classification and Qualitative Reliability Verification","display_name":"Exploring Spectrogram-Based Audio Classification for Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Study on Speech Classification and Qualitative Reliability Verification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400724741","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144625","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39066023"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24144625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144625","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074342513","display_name":"Seung-Min Jeong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6408-3701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157264075","display_name":"Sangmyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x4whx42","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seung-Min Jeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of AI & Informatics, Graduate School, Sangmyung University, Hongjimun 2-gil 20, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6408-3701","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of AI & Informatics, Graduate School, Sangmyung University, Hongjimun 2-gil 20, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069980293","display_name":"Seunghyun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-4570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157264075","display_name":"Sangmyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x4whx42","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seunghyun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of AI & Informatics, Graduate School, Sangmyung University, Hongjimun 2-gil 20, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-4570","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of AI & Informatics, Graduate School, Sangmyung University, Hongjimun 2-gil 20, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025004236","display_name":"Eui Chul Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6504-3333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157264075","display_name":"Sangmyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x4whx42","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eui Chul Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Sangmyung University, Hongjimun 2-gil 20, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6504-3333","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Sangmyung University, Hongjimun 2-gil 20, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076649890","display_name":"Han\u2010Joon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8219-9663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802835388","display_name":"Seoul National University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01z4nnt86","country_code":"KR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467","https://openalex.org/I2802835388"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Han Joon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Daehak-ro 101, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8219-9663","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Daehak-ro 101, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802835388"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025004236","https://openalex.org/A5076649890"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075","https://openalex.org/I2802835388"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":6.0955,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97326302,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"14","first_page":"4625","last_page":"4625"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10863","display_name":"Voice and Speech Disorders","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10863","display_name":"Voice and Speech Disorders","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.8472616672515869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6355648636817932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.6067456007003784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5644614696502686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5023970603942871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4580354690551758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.4515289068222046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3916229009628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10414344072341919}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.8472616672515869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6355648636817932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.6067456007003784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5644614696502686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5023970603942871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4580354690551758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4515289068222046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3916229009628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10414344072341919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010300","descriptor_name":"Parkinson Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010300","descriptor_name":"Parkinson Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010300","descriptor_name":"Parkinson Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010300","descriptor_name":"Parkinson Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010300","descriptor_name":"Parkinson Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010300","descriptor_name":"Parkinson Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010300","descriptor_name":"Parkinson Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010300","descriptor_name":"Parkinson Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010300","descriptor_name":"Parkinson Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010300","descriptor_name":"Parkinson Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010300","descriptor_name":"Parkinson Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010300","descriptor_name":"Parkinson Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013018","descriptor_name":"Sound Spectrography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013018","descriptor_name":"Sound Spectrography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013018","descriptor_name":"Sound Spectrography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013018","descriptor_name":"Sound Spectrography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24144625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39066023","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39066023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11280556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11280556","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5b54612839b14d5181b65c9fc106b943","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5b54612839b14d5181b65c9fc106b943","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 14, p 4625 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24144625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2781457607","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2024-00340935","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1716160284","https://openalex.org/W2023049955","https://openalex.org/W2037760741","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2112455323","https://openalex.org/W2168148556","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2295946709","https://openalex.org/W2580210409","https://openalex.org/W2771117831","https://openalex.org/W2936774411","https://openalex.org/W2945949198","https://openalex.org/W2946948417","https://openalex.org/W2962743957","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2979665226","https://openalex.org/W2991140314","https://openalex.org/W3005485745","https://openalex.org/W3046768359","https://openalex.org/W3087893815","https://openalex.org/W3106483999","https://openalex.org/W3116489684","https://openalex.org/W3125252695","https://openalex.org/W3158559908","https://openalex.org/W3159623667","https://openalex.org/W3174221756","https://openalex.org/W3196974791","https://openalex.org/W3205743929","https://openalex.org/W4200454910","https://openalex.org/W4211044101","https://openalex.org/W4214531455","https://openalex.org/W4224885307","https://openalex.org/W4292121845","https://openalex.org/W4307823382","https://openalex.org/W4311763498","https://openalex.org/W4318615592","https://openalex.org/W4321375535","https://openalex.org/W4380538374","https://openalex.org/W4388938846","https://openalex.org/W6656095155","https://openalex.org/W6849169023"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2530685530","https://openalex.org/W4375868962","https://openalex.org/W2011227383","https://openalex.org/W2088854863","https://openalex.org/W4402568167","https://openalex.org/W2942893872","https://openalex.org/W3179495260","https://openalex.org/W1976719989","https://openalex.org/W2897924318","https://openalex.org/W2138997758"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Patients":[0],"suffering":[1],"from":[2,6,73],"Parkinson's":[3,19,119,151,195],"disease":[4],"suffer":[5],"voice":[7],"impairment.":[8],"In":[9],"this":[10,182],"study,":[11],"we":[12,105,138,186],"introduce":[13],"models":[14,41,72,112,129,203],"to":[15,113],"classify":[16],"normal":[17],"and":[18,45,52,69,76,90,100,133,153,160],"patients":[20],"using":[21,198],"their":[22],"speech.":[23],"We":[24],"used":[25],"an":[26],"AST":[27,83,99],"(audio":[28],"spectrogram":[29],"transformer),":[30],"a":[31,46,54,190],"transformer-based":[32],"speech":[33,60,166,197],"classification":[34,61],"model":[35,56,142,174,192,211],"that":[36,140,164,185],"has":[37],"recently":[38],"outperformed":[39,82],"CNN-based":[40,47],"in":[42,57,88,212],"many":[43],"fields,":[44],"PSLA":[48,81],"(pretraining,":[49],"sampling,":[50],"labeling,":[51],"aggregation),":[53],"high-performance":[55],"the":[58,64,71,91,108,111,115,141,146,154,165,173,207,210],"existing":[59],"field,":[62],"for":[63,98,102,193],"study.":[65],"This":[66],"study":[67],"compares":[68],"analyzes":[70],"both":[74],"quantitative":[75],"qualitative":[77],"perspectives.":[78],"First,":[79],"qualitatively,":[80],"by":[84],"more":[85],"than":[86],"4%":[87],"accuracy,":[89],"AUC":[92],"was":[93],"also":[94,169,205],"higher,":[95],"with":[96],"94.16%":[97],"97.43%":[101],"PSLA.":[103],"Furthermore,":[104],"qualitatively":[106],"evaluated":[107],"ability":[109],"of":[110,118,150,157,181,202,209],"capture":[114],"acoustic":[116],"features":[117,167],"through":[120,196],"various":[121],"CAM":[122],"(class":[123],"activation":[124],"map)-based":[125],"XAI":[126],"(eXplainable":[127],"AI)":[128],"such":[130],"as":[131],"GradCAM":[132],"EigenCAM.":[134],"Based":[135],"on":[136,145],"PSLA,":[137],"found":[139,189],"focuses":[143],"well":[144],"muffled":[147],"frequency":[148],"band":[149],"speech,":[152],"heatmap":[155],"analysis":[156],"false":[158,161],"positives":[159],"negatives":[162],"shows":[163],"are":[168],"visually":[170],"represented":[171],"when":[172],"actually":[175],"makes":[176],"incorrect":[177],"predictions.":[178],"The":[179],"contribution":[180],"paper":[183],"is":[184],"not":[187],"only":[188],"suitable":[191],"diagnosing":[194],"two":[199],"different":[200],"types":[201],"but":[204],"validated":[206],"predictions":[208],"practice.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T15:57:00.446498","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}