{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400641081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144591","title":"BFLIDS: Blockchain-Driven Federated Learning for Intrusion Detection in IoMT Networks","display_name":"BFLIDS: Blockchain-Driven Federated Learning for Intrusion Detection in IoMT Networks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400641081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144591","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39065989"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24144591","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144591","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/14/4591/pdf?version=1721057453","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/14/4591/pdf?version=1721057453","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102961966","display_name":"Khadija Begum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6627-2186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104338594","display_name":"Inje University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xqwq985","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104338594"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khadija Begum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104338594"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008365721","display_name":"Md Ariful Islam Mozumder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6095-0700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104338594","display_name":"Inje University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xqwq985","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104338594"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Ariful Islam Mozumder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104338594"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113942151","display_name":"Moon-Il Joo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104338594","display_name":"Inje University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xqwq985","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104338594"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moon-Il Joo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104338594"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102020002","display_name":"Hee\u2010Cheol Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5399-7647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104338594","display_name":"Inje University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xqwq985","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104338594"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hee-Cheol Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104338594"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102020002"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104338594"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":20.9222,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99639778,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"14","first_page":"4591","last_page":"4591"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.924502968788147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6380418539047241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6347002983093262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.402370810508728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3746859133243561}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.924502968788147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6380418539047241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6347002983093262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.402370810508728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3746859133243561}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24144591","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144591","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/14/4591/pdf?version=1721057453","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39065989","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39065989","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11280944","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11280944","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11280944/pdf/sensors-24-04591.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5086927e1108482eb1e9c3f27b1fea56","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5086927e1108482eb1e9c3f27b1fea56","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 14, p 4591 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24144591","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144591","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/14/4591/pdf?version=1721057453","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1283570076","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1711175863","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4700831490","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6945799679","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022-0-01091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400641081.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400641081.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2786603699","https://openalex.org/W2876503617","https://openalex.org/W2884675507","https://openalex.org/W2891366441","https://openalex.org/W2898234077","https://openalex.org/W2907164519","https://openalex.org/W2913497771","https://openalex.org/W2958285686","https://openalex.org/W2963540401","https://openalex.org/W2964023268","https://openalex.org/W2964167690","https://openalex.org/W2982426954","https://openalex.org/W2990016126","https://openalex.org/W2995871203","https://openalex.org/W3007759783","https://openalex.org/W3023574229","https://openalex.org/W3025080732","https://openalex.org/W3025397287","https://openalex.org/W3027095011","https://openalex.org/W3040552057","https://openalex.org/W3086579950","https://openalex.org/W3095611529","https://openalex.org/W3117988296","https://openalex.org/W3121344271","https://openalex.org/W3129836451","https://openalex.org/W3157680283","https://openalex.org/W3161121757","https://openalex.org/W3169450514","https://openalex.org/W3178367256","https://openalex.org/W4213102562","https://openalex.org/W4221100464","https://openalex.org/W4223622367","https://openalex.org/W4225854449","https://openalex.org/W4226149995","https://openalex.org/W4226319939","https://openalex.org/W4281397359","https://openalex.org/W4281753516","https://openalex.org/W4311925327","https://openalex.org/W4313165857","https://openalex.org/W4318619660","https://openalex.org/W4381741281","https://openalex.org/W4386386840","https://openalex.org/W4389270517","https://openalex.org/W4390849526","https://openalex.org/W4391616701","https://openalex.org/W4392028731","https://openalex.org/W4396608759","https://openalex.org/W4399849661","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6788778643","https://openalex.org/W6797188994","https://openalex.org/W6907421785"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4304136894"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,235],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,32,61,204,246],"Medical":[3],"Things":[4],"(IoMT)":[5],"has":[6,12],"significantly":[7],"advanced":[8],"healthcare,":[9],"but":[10,49],"it":[11],"also":[13],"brought":[14],"about":[15],"critical":[16],"security":[17,20,100,243],"challenges.":[18],"Traditional":[19],"solutions":[21],"struggle":[22],"to":[23,46,57,98,111,116,162],"keep":[24],"pace":[25],"with":[26,83,153,191,232],"the":[27,58,90,146,150,154,242],"dynamic":[28],"and":[29,101,128,139,143,158,166,183,193,198,208,213,218,220,224,244],"interconnected":[30],"nature":[31],"IoMT":[33,105,247],"systems.":[34],"Machine":[35],"learning":[36],"(ML)-based":[37],"Intrusion":[38],"Detection":[39],"Systems":[40],"(IDS)":[41],"have":[42],"been":[43],"increasingly":[44],"adopted":[45],"counter":[47],"cyberattacks,":[48],"centralized":[50,233],"ML":[51],"approaches":[52],"pose":[53],"privacy":[54,119,245],"risks":[55],"due":[56],"single":[59],"points":[60],"failure":[62],"(SPoFs).":[63],"Federated":[64,94],"Learning":[65],"(FL)":[66],"emerges":[67],"as":[68],"a":[69,84,92,184],"promising":[70],"solution,":[71],"enabling":[72],"model":[73,164],"updates":[74],"directly":[75],"on":[76,196],"end":[77],"devices":[78],"without":[79],"sharing":[80],"private":[81],"data":[82,118,132],"central":[85],"server.":[86],"This":[87],"study":[88],"introduces":[89],"BFLIDS,":[91],"Blockchain-empowered":[93],"Learning-based":[95],"IDS":[96],"designed":[97],"enhance":[99],"intrusion":[102],"detection":[103],"in":[104,226],"networks.":[106,248],"Our":[107],"approach":[108],"leverages":[109],"blockchain":[110],"secure":[112,140],"transaction":[113],"records,":[114],"FL":[115,227],"maintain":[117],"by":[120],"training":[121],"models":[122],"locally,":[123],"IPFS":[124],"for":[125,130],"decentralized":[126],"storage,":[127],"MongoDB":[129],"efficient":[131],"management.":[133],"Ethereum":[134],"smart":[135],"contracts":[136],"(SCs)":[137],"oversee":[138],"all":[141],"interactions":[142],"transactions":[144],"within":[145],"system.":[147],"We":[148,201],"modified":[149,185],"FedAvg":[151],"algorithm":[152],"Kullback-Leibler":[155],"divergence":[156],"estimation":[157],"adaptive":[159],"weight":[160],"calculation":[161],"boost":[163],"accuracy":[165],"robustness":[167],"against":[168],"adversarial":[169],"attacks.":[170],"For":[171],"classification,":[172],"we":[173],"implemented":[174],"an":[175],"Adaptive":[176],"Max":[177],"Pooling-based":[178],"Convolutional":[179],"Neural":[180],"Network":[181],"(CNN)":[182],"Bidirectional":[186],"Long":[187],"Short-Term":[188],"Memory":[189],"(BiLSTM)":[190],"attention":[192],"residual":[194],"connections":[195],"Edge-IIoTSet":[197],"TON-IoT":[199],"datasets.":[200],"achieved":[202],"accuracies":[203],"97.43%":[205],"(for":[206,211,216,222],"CNNs":[207,217],"Edge-IIoTSet),":[209,214],"96.02%":[210],"BiLSTM":[212,223],"98.21%":[215],"TON-IoT),":[219],"97.42%":[221],"TON-IoT)":[225],"scenarios,":[228],"which":[229],"are":[230],"competitive":[231],"methods.":[234],"proposed":[236],"BFLIDS":[237],"effectively":[238],"detects":[239],"intrusions,":[240],"enhancing":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}