{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400534652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144474","title":"Analysing All-Optical Random Bit Sequences Using Gap-Based Approaches","display_name":"Analysing All-Optical Random Bit Sequences Using Gap-Based Approaches","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400534652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144474","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39065872"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24144474","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144474","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/14/4474/pdf?version=1720689199","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/14/4474/pdf?version=1720689199","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102728459","display_name":"Christoph Lange","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1875-4452"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122228004","display_name":"HTW Berlin - University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01xzwj424","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122228004"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Lange","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty 1: School of Engineering\u2014Energy and Information, Hochschule f\u00fcr Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin (University of Applied Sciences), 10313 Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty 1: School of Engineering\u2014Energy and Information, Hochschule f\u00fcr Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin (University of Applied Sciences), 10313 Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122228004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064789722","display_name":"Andreas Ahrens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7664-9450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162015237","display_name":"Wismar University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00s1ckt27","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162015237"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Ahrens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Hochschule Wismar (University of Applied Sciences: Technology, Business and Design), 23966 Wismar, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Hochschule Wismar (University of Applied Sciences: Technology, Business and Design), 23966 Wismar, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162015237"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044797007","display_name":"Jasmeet Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4909-5840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162015237","display_name":"Wismar University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00s1ckt27","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162015237"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jasmeet Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Hochschule Wismar (University of Applied Sciences: Technology, Business and Design), 23966 Wismar, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Hochschule Wismar (University of Applied Sciences: Technology, Business and Design), 23966 Wismar, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162015237"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048627489","display_name":"Olaf Grote","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4158-5538"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olaf Grote","raw_affiliation_strings":["Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda y Sistemas de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n (ETSIST), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Campus Sur, Calle Nikola Tesla s/n, 28031 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda y Sistemas de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n (ETSIST), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Campus Sur, Calle Nikola Tesla s/n, 28031 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102728459"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122228004"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.7303,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75425327,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"14","first_page":"4474","last_page":"4474"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12946","display_name":"Fractal and DNA sequence analysis","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.7874048948287964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution-random-number-generator","display_name":"Convolution random number generator","score":0.5980939865112305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.569898247718811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-number-generation","display_name":"Random number generation","score":0.5379335284233093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.48864561319351196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-sequence","display_name":"Random sequence","score":0.48538053035736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorandom-number-generator","display_name":"Pseudorandom number generator","score":0.4646218717098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.4527060389518738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.41965794563293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-distribution","display_name":"Probability distribution","score":0.4138898253440857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorandom-binary-sequence","display_name":"Pseudorandom binary sequence","score":0.41145724058151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4109351933002472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3810715675354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2964977025985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.23860320448875427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-function","display_name":"Random function","score":0.22389566898345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-variable","display_name":"Random variable","score":0.21495670080184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.1199679970741272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09677430987358093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.7874048948287964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116643974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166606","display_name":"Convolution random number generator","level":4,"score":0.5980939865112305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.569898247718811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201866948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228206","display_name":"Random number generation","level":2,"score":0.5379335284233093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.48864561319351196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186515451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228191","display_name":"Random sequence","level":3,"score":0.48538053035736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140642157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1623338","display_name":"Pseudorandom number generator","level":2,"score":0.4646218717098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4527060389518738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.41965794563293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.4138898253440857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128040838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1810628","display_name":"Pseudorandom binary sequence","level":3,"score":0.41145724058151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4109351933002472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3810715675354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2964977025985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.23860320448875427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13929819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176737","display_name":"Random function","level":3,"score":0.22389566898345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122123141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176623","display_name":"Random variable","level":2,"score":0.21495670080184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.1199679970741272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09677430987358093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24144474","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144474","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/14/4474/pdf?version=1720689199","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39065872","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39065872","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:oa.upm.es:82792","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://oa.upm.es/82792/","pdf_url":"https://oa.upm.es/82792/3/82792.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196323","display_name":"UPM Digital Archive (Technical University of Madrid)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","host_organization_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, ISSN 1424-8220, 2024-07-11, Vol. 24, No. 14","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11280731","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11280731","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11280731/pdf/sensors-24-04474.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:78129a1bcb1b47acbd185721d81755cc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/78129a1bcb1b47acbd185721d81755cc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 14, p 4474 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24144474","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144474","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/14/4474/pdf?version=1720689199","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400534652.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1508646418","https://openalex.org/W1517403092","https://openalex.org/W1620538825","https://openalex.org/W1892875445","https://openalex.org/W1968500325","https://openalex.org/W1973253288","https://openalex.org/W2000241254","https://openalex.org/W2015179126","https://openalex.org/W2051051926","https://openalex.org/W2055492458","https://openalex.org/W2063142364","https://openalex.org/W2070561595","https://openalex.org/W2077949017","https://openalex.org/W2119299120","https://openalex.org/W2129690209","https://openalex.org/W2138736862","https://openalex.org/W2491864954","https://openalex.org/W2510680389","https://openalex.org/W2765943622","https://openalex.org/W2784781042","https://openalex.org/W2884627220","https://openalex.org/W2947902637","https://openalex.org/W2962912624","https://openalex.org/W3004357554","https://openalex.org/W3007553047","https://openalex.org/W3008605465","https://openalex.org/W3018017823","https://openalex.org/W3052551562","https://openalex.org/W3103558166","https://openalex.org/W3181603331","https://openalex.org/W3202377975","https://openalex.org/W3216480070","https://openalex.org/W4226294193","https://openalex.org/W4229058846","https://openalex.org/W4238085304","https://openalex.org/W4243205024","https://openalex.org/W4248987559","https://openalex.org/W4376274099","https://openalex.org/W4401871180","https://openalex.org/W6643459237","https://openalex.org/W6818350913"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534576401","https://openalex.org/W3103095306","https://openalex.org/W2987824994","https://openalex.org/W2743589874","https://openalex.org/W4394866524","https://openalex.org/W2032257718","https://openalex.org/W3048563007","https://openalex.org/W1981877145","https://openalex.org/W2406614159","https://openalex.org/W2316835829"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0],"mechanical":[1,33],"phenomena":[2,34],"are":[3],"revolutionizing":[4],"classical":[5],"engineering":[6],"fields":[7],"such":[8,100],"as":[9,178,180],"signal":[10],"processing":[11],"or":[12,60,77,91],"cryptography.":[13],"When":[14],"randomness":[15],"plays":[16],"an":[17,128,161],"important":[18],"role,":[19],"like":[20,88],"in":[21,50,74,78,94,109],"cryptography":[22],"where":[23],"random":[24,40,95],"bit":[25,41,141,220],"sequences":[26,44,102,150],"guarantee":[27],"certain":[28],"levels":[29],"of":[30,38,48,99,122,130,186,191],"security,":[31],"quantum":[32,132],"allow":[35],"new":[36],"ways":[37],"generating":[39,139],"sequences.":[42,142,182,203,221],"Such":[43],"have":[45,118],"a":[46,79,120],"lot":[47,121],"applications":[49],"the":[51,112,131,154,169,184,189,196,201,207],"communication":[52],"sector,":[53],"e.g.,":[54],"regarding":[55],"data":[56],"transmission,":[57],"simulation,":[58],"sensors":[59],"radars,":[61],"and":[62,193],"beyond.":[63],"They":[64],"can":[65,103],"be":[66,104],"generated":[67,149],"deterministically":[68],"(e.g.,":[69,82],"by":[70,83,106],"using":[71,84],"polynomials,":[72],"resulting":[73,93],"pseudo-random":[75],"sequences)":[76],"non-deterministic":[80],"way":[81],"physical":[85],"noise":[86],"sources":[87],"external":[89],"devices":[90],"sensors,":[92],"sequences).":[96],"Important":[97],"characteristics":[98],"binary":[101],"modelled":[105],"gap":[107],"processes":[108],"conjunction":[110],"with":[111,212],"probability":[113,157],"theory.":[114],"Recently,":[115],"all-optical":[116],"approaches":[117],"attracted":[119],"research":[123],"interest.":[124],"In":[125],"this":[126],"work,":[127],"adaptation":[129],"key":[133],"distribution":[134,190],"setup":[135,164],"is":[136,165,198],"utilized":[137],"for":[138,200],"randomised":[140],"The":[143,204],"simulation":[144,170],"results":[145,177,205],"show":[146,174],"that":[147,167,209],"all-optically":[148],"very":[151,175],"well":[152,179],"resemble":[153],"theoretically":[155],"ideal":[156],"density":[158],"characteristic.":[159],"Additionally,":[160,183],"experimental":[162],"optical":[163],"developed":[166],"confirms":[168],"results.":[171],"Furthermore,":[172],"m-sequences":[173],"promising":[176],"Gold":[181],"level":[185],"burstiness,":[187],"i.e.,":[188],"ones":[192],"zeros":[194],"throughout":[195],"sequence,":[197],"studied":[199],"different":[202],"enable":[206],"finding":[208],"generator":[210],"polynomials":[211],"concentrated":[213],"non-zero":[214],"coefficients":[215],"lead":[216],"to":[217],"more":[218],"bursty":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}