{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400487758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144451","title":"Deep Learning-Based State-of-Health Estimation of Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells under Dynamic Operation Conditions","display_name":"Deep Learning-Based State-of-Health Estimation of Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells under Dynamic Operation Conditions","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400487758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144451","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39065848"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24144451","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144451","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/14/4451/pdf?version=1720600452","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/14/4451/pdf?version=1720600452","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100430733","display_name":"Yujia Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yujia Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038793527","display_name":"Xingwang Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8770-8989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingwang Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100628446","display_name":"Sichuan Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2040-2296"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sichuan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017305036","display_name":"Chuanyu Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4932-7787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chuanyu Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4932-7787","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017305036","https://openalex.org/A5100628446"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780","https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.1233,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94545399,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"14","first_page":"4451","last_page":"4451"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10409","display_name":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10409","display_name":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-exchange-membrane-fuel-cell","display_name":"Proton exchange membrane fuel cell","score":0.7661705017089844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5607666373252869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5402595400810242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5013391971588135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-of-health","display_name":"State of health","score":0.47059738636016846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/durability","display_name":"Durability","score":0.4313303828239441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4298970103263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.4268331825733185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3434034585952759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3404817581176758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3276263177394867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.32557499408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-cells","display_name":"Fuel cells","score":0.25007110834121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.10625442862510681}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132319479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899619","display_name":"Proton exchange membrane fuel cell","level":3,"score":0.7661705017089844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5607666373252869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5402595400810242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5013391971588135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777294910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4050070","display_name":"State of health","level":4,"score":0.47059738636016846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104304963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5316114","display_name":"Durability","level":2,"score":0.4313303828239441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4298970103263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.4268331825733185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3434034585952759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3404817581176758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3276263177394867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.32557499408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987658370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180253","display_name":"Fuel cells","level":2,"score":0.25007110834121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.10625442862510681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24144451","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144451","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/14/4451/pdf?version=1720600452","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39065848","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39065848","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11280569","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11280569","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11280569/pdf/sensors-24-04451.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:75499a084e934ead991c043ad71c6762","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/75499a084e934ead991c043ad71c6762","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 14, p 4451 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24144451","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144451","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/14/4451/pdf?version=1720600452","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3177859237","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202306260098","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5141792068","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202306260098","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6666146302","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB0102802","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G906669125","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB0102802","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400487758.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975964493","https://openalex.org/W2294472546","https://openalex.org/W2944851425","https://openalex.org/W3005448318","https://openalex.org/W3096798137","https://openalex.org/W3124241006","https://openalex.org/W3134725445","https://openalex.org/W3186607419","https://openalex.org/W3205019815","https://openalex.org/W4220997480","https://openalex.org/W4294488605","https://openalex.org/W4294892978","https://openalex.org/W4297499607","https://openalex.org/W4306319185","https://openalex.org/W4311090909","https://openalex.org/W4312084189","https://openalex.org/W4313897596","https://openalex.org/W4317934946","https://openalex.org/W4321017829","https://openalex.org/W4361029948","https://openalex.org/W4365790451","https://openalex.org/W4385437747","https://openalex.org/W4386002604","https://openalex.org/W4386826409","https://openalex.org/W4388206430","https://openalex.org/W4388267901","https://openalex.org/W4389396431","https://openalex.org/W4389477731","https://openalex.org/W4389665243","https://openalex.org/W4389995916","https://openalex.org/W4390140080","https://openalex.org/W4390150781","https://openalex.org/W4390967569","https://openalex.org/W4391180292","https://openalex.org/W4391499967","https://openalex.org/W4391529885","https://openalex.org/W4392180387","https://openalex.org/W4392203431","https://openalex.org/W4392914042","https://openalex.org/W4394713872","https://openalex.org/W4396570864","https://openalex.org/W4396668843","https://openalex.org/W4396796384","https://openalex.org/W4396917055","https://openalex.org/W4399321001","https://openalex.org/W4399418719","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6859475007","https://openalex.org/W6866752715"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2352180411","https://openalex.org/W2380892508","https://openalex.org/W2386194254","https://openalex.org/W1567463853","https://openalex.org/W159888992","https://openalex.org/W2161251670","https://openalex.org/W1458806294","https://openalex.org/W2366942712","https://openalex.org/W2371713266","https://openalex.org/W2394295166"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Proton-exchange":[0],"membrane":[1],"fuel":[2,44,53,56],"cells":[3,45,54,57],"(PEMFCs)":[4],"play":[5],"a":[6,223],"crucial":[7],"role":[8],"in":[9,201],"the":[10,18,67,77,103,114,140,144,161,166,195,203,227],"transition":[11],"to":[12,163,180,216,226],"sustainable":[13,237],"energy":[14,238],"systems.":[15],"Accurately":[16],"estimating":[17,202],"state":[19],"of":[20,23,69,79,105,117,146,169,197,205,229],"health":[21],"(SOH)":[22],"PEMFCs":[24,70,206],"under":[25,71,176],"dynamic":[26,40,72,167],"operating":[27,41,73],"conditions":[28,42,74],"is":[29],"essential":[30],"for":[31,43,96,160,236],"ensuring":[32],"their":[33],"reliability":[34],"and":[35,46,55,75,93,109,127,152,207,213,232],"longevity.":[36],"This":[37],"study":[38,137,193],"designed":[39],"conducted":[47],"durability":[48],"tests":[49],"using":[50],"both":[51],"crack-free":[52,177],"with":[58],"uniform":[59],"cracks.":[60,147],"Utilizing":[61],"deep":[62,198],"learning":[63,199],"methods,":[64],"we":[65],"estimated":[66],"SOH":[68,97,204],"investigated":[76],"performance":[78,116],"long":[80],"short-term":[81],"memory":[82],"networks":[83,91],"(LSTM),":[84],"gated":[85],"recurrent":[86],"units":[87],"(GRU),":[88],"temporal":[89],"convolutional":[90],"(TCN),":[92],"transformer":[94],"models":[95,162,186,200],"estimation":[98],"tasks.":[99],"We":[100],"also":[101,138],"explored":[102],"impact":[104],"different":[106],"sampling":[107,125,212],"intervals":[108,126],"training":[110,129,214],"set":[111,130],"proportions":[112,131],"on":[113],"predictive":[115,189],"these":[118],"models.":[119],"The":[120,136,220],"results":[121],"indicated":[122],"that":[123],"shorter":[124],"higher":[128],"significantly":[132],"improve":[133],"prediction":[134,173,218],"accuracy.":[135,219],"highlighted":[139],"challenges":[141],"posed":[142],"by":[143],"presence":[145],"Cracks":[148],"cause":[149],"more":[150,158,181,230],"frequent":[151],"intense":[153],"voltage":[154,183],"fluctuations,":[155],"making":[156],"it":[157],"difficult":[159],"accurately":[164],"capture":[165],"behavior":[168],"PEMFCs,":[170],"thereby":[171],"increasing":[172],"errors.":[174],"However,":[175],"conditions,":[178],"due":[179],"stable":[182],"output,":[184],"all":[185],"showed":[187],"improved":[188],"performance.":[190],"Finally,":[191],"this":[192],"underscores":[194],"effectiveness":[196],"provides":[208],"insights":[209],"into":[210],"optimizing":[211],"strategies":[215],"enhance":[217],"findings":[221],"make":[222],"significant":[224],"contribution":[225],"development":[228],"reliable":[231],"efficient":[233],"PEMFC":[234],"systems":[235],"applications.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
