{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400418422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134397","title":"Acoustic Signal-Based Defect Identification for Directed Energy Deposition-Arc Using Wavelet Time\u2013Frequency Diagrams","display_name":"Acoustic Signal-Based Defect Identification for Directed Energy Deposition-Arc Using Wavelet Time\u2013Frequency Diagrams","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400418422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134397","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39001176"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24134397","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134397","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/13/4397/pdf?version=1720323820","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/13/4397/pdf?version=1720323820","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100316391","display_name":"Hui Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152031979","display_name":"Nanjing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/036trcv74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152031979"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144799","display_name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing","ror":"https://ror.org/04dzj3g56","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144799"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment & Manufacturing, School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment & Manufacturing, School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144799","https://openalex.org/I152031979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086734100","display_name":"Qianru Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152031979","display_name":"Nanjing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/036trcv74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152031979"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144799","display_name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing","ror":"https://ror.org/04dzj3g56","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144799"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qianru Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment & Manufacturing, School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7316-0457","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment & Manufacturing, School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144799","https://openalex.org/I152031979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047151471","display_name":"Wenlai Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3893-1866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152031979","display_name":"Nanjing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/036trcv74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152031979"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144799","display_name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing","ror":"https://ror.org/04dzj3g56","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144799"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenlai Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment & Manufacturing, School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment & Manufacturing, School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144799","https://openalex.org/I152031979"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013315695","display_name":"Jiquan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0205-9749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152031979","display_name":"Nanjing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/036trcv74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152031979"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144799","display_name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing","ror":"https://ror.org/04dzj3g56","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144799"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiquan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment & Manufacturing, School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment & Manufacturing, School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144799","https://openalex.org/I152031979"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047151471","https://openalex.org/A5086734100"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152031979","https://openalex.org/I4210144799"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.1789,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95024749,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"13","first_page":"4397","last_page":"4397"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10705","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10705","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10834","display_name":"Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.6733009815216064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.604305624961853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5928443074226379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.546917736530304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.542934775352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discontinuity","display_name":"Discontinuity (linguistics)","score":0.53140789270401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5114706754684448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arc","display_name":"Arc (geometry)","score":0.5064033269882202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.47972196340560913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-transform","display_name":"Wavelet transform","score":0.47070857882499695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time\u2013frequency-analysis","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","score":0.44830384850502014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.4121135175228119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.41139188408851624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4072887599468231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3653775453567505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36040639877319336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23358342051506042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15462523698806763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11917036771774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processing","display_name":"Digital signal processing","score":0.11190769076347351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10560747981071472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.09887659549713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.06331685185432434}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.6733009815216064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.604305624961853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5928443074226379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.546917736530304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.542934775352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5281658","display_name":"Discontinuity (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.53140789270401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5114706754684448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83415579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161973","display_name":"Arc (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5064033269882202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.47972196340560913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.47070857882499695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.44830384850502014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.4121135175228119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.41139188408851624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4072887599468231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3653775453567505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36040639877319336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23358342051506042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15462523698806763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11917036771774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.11190769076347351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10560747981071472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09887659549713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.06331685185432434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24134397","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134397","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/13/4397/pdf?version=1720323820","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39001176","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39001176","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11244497","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11244497","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11244497/pdf/sensors-24-04397.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b7f798443c1747b395ec64119c934f7f","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b7f798443c1747b395ec64119c934f7f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 13, p 4397 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24134397","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134397","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/13/4397/pdf?version=1720323820","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400418422.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002303525","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2744316542","https://openalex.org/W2770272240","https://openalex.org/W2809775572","https://openalex.org/W2887955127","https://openalex.org/W2895046268","https://openalex.org/W2930365861","https://openalex.org/W2966410959","https://openalex.org/W3007058305","https://openalex.org/W3061569788","https://openalex.org/W3131860561","https://openalex.org/W3140854437","https://openalex.org/W3187271497","https://openalex.org/W3199498042","https://openalex.org/W3205506449","https://openalex.org/W4205559958","https://openalex.org/W4205680792","https://openalex.org/W4210744381","https://openalex.org/W4214642793","https://openalex.org/W4283275666","https://openalex.org/W4288457180","https://openalex.org/W4304693993","https://openalex.org/W4312339083","https://openalex.org/W4313555724","https://openalex.org/W4321501226","https://openalex.org/W4376891744","https://openalex.org/W4379520592","https://openalex.org/W4383532901","https://openalex.org/W4386480136","https://openalex.org/W4388095065","https://openalex.org/W4389088435","https://openalex.org/W4389222823","https://openalex.org/W4389976319","https://openalex.org/W4392770105","https://openalex.org/W4393945074","https://openalex.org/W4396753491","https://openalex.org/W4399110300","https://openalex.org/W4400142662","https://openalex.org/W6754525948","https://openalex.org/W6762585180","https://openalex.org/W6802304854","https://openalex.org/W6809430963","https://openalex.org/W6864032307"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1702821","https://openalex.org/W1484056900","https://openalex.org/W4244584856","https://openalex.org/W2127980043","https://openalex.org/W1989965977","https://openalex.org/W1179533853","https://openalex.org/W2372950632","https://openalex.org/W2136634899","https://openalex.org/W2585996307","https://openalex.org/W2905220255"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Several":[0],"advantages":[1],"of":[2,42,113,130],"directed":[3],"energy":[4,128],"deposition-arc":[5],"(DED-arc)":[6],"have":[7],"garnered":[8],"considerable":[9],"research":[10],"attention":[11],"including":[12,105],"high":[13],"deposition":[14],"rates":[15],"and":[16,24,39,87,103,109,120,132,143,159],"low":[17],"costs.":[18],"However,":[19],"defects":[20,153],"such":[21],"as":[22],"discontinuity":[23],"pores":[25],"may":[26],"occur":[27],"during":[28,75],"the":[29,35,43,64,89,114,127,141,156,161],"manufacturing":[30,45,76,157],"process.":[31,46],"Defect":[32],"identification":[33,55,162],"is":[34,149],"key":[36],"to":[37,84,151],"monitoring":[38],"quality":[40],"assessments":[41],"additive":[44],"This":[47],"study":[48],"proposes":[49],"a":[50],"novel":[51],"acoustic":[52,70,134],"signal-based":[53],"defect":[54],"method":[56,148],"for":[57],"DED-arc":[58],"via":[59],"wavelet":[60,66],"time-frequency":[61,82],"diagrams.":[62],"With":[63],"continuous":[65],"transform,":[67],"one-dimensional":[68],"(1D)":[69],"signals":[71,135],"acquired":[72],"in":[73,139,155],"situ":[74],"are":[77],"converted":[78],"into":[79],"two-dimensional":[80],"(2D)":[81],"diagrams":[83],"train,":[85],"validate,":[86],"test":[88],"convolutional":[90],"neural":[91],"network":[92],"(CNN)":[93],"models.":[94],"In":[95],"this":[96],"study,":[97],"several":[98],"CNN":[99],"models":[100,115],"were":[101],"examined":[102],"compared,":[104],"AlexNet,":[106],"ResNet-18,":[107],"VGG-16,":[108],"MobileNetV3.":[110],"The":[111,123,146],"accuracy":[112],"was":[116],"96.35%,":[117],"97.92%,":[118],"97.01%,":[119],"98.31%,":[121],"respectively.":[122],"findings":[124],"demonstrate":[125],"that":[126],"distribution":[129],"normal":[131],"abnormal":[133],"has":[136],"significant":[137],"differences":[138],"both":[140],"time":[142],"frequency":[144],"domains.":[145],"proposed":[147],"verified":[150],"identify":[152],"effectively":[154],"process":[158],"advance":[160],"time.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
