{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400319717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134347","title":"A Multi-Scale-Enhanced YOLO-V5 Model for Detecting Small Objects in Remote Sensing Image Information","display_name":"A Multi-Scale-Enhanced YOLO-V5 Model for Detecting Small Objects in Remote Sensing Image Information","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400319717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134347","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39001126"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24134347","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134347","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/13/4347/pdf?version=1720102373","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/13/4347/pdf?version=1720102373","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092058661","display_name":"Jing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7791-7391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167383011","display_name":"Henan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d80kz58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167383011"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146584","display_name":"Henan Forestry Vocational College","ror":"https://ror.org/050g87e49","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146584"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China","School of Information Engineering, Henan Mechanical and Electrical Vocational College, Zhengzhou 451191, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7791-7391","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167383011"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Henan Mechanical and Electrical Vocational College, Zhengzhou 451191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146584"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058885880","display_name":"Haochen Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8740-6964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146584","display_name":"Henan Forestry Vocational College","ror":"https://ror.org/050g87e49","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146584"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haochen Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Henan Mechanical and Electrical Vocational College, Zhengzhou 451191, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8740-6964","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Henan Mechanical and Electrical Vocational College, Zhengzhou 451191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146584"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100352621","display_name":"Zhiyong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3061-7768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167383011","display_name":"Henan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d80kz58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167383011"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3061-7768","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167383011"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092058661"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167383011","https://openalex.org/I4210146584"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.1191,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88572354,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"13","first_page":"4347","last_page":"4347"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7314651012420654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.6436506509780884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5030078291893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.48913079500198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.47874635457992554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.47358471155166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.46740347146987915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.45194554328918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43592381477355957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.43349215388298035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.41747233271598816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4117487370967865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38572463393211365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3463748097419739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2644203305244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.0928296446800232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09107223153114319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.07750898599624634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7314651012420654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.6436506509780884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5030078291893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.48913079500198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.47874635457992554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.47358471155166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.46740347146987915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.45194554328918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43592381477355957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.43349215388298035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41747233271598816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4117487370967865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38572463393211365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3463748097419739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2644203305244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0928296446800232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09107223153114319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.07750898599624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24134347","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134347","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/13/4347/pdf?version=1720102373","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39001126","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39001126","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11243868","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11243868","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11243868/pdf/sensors-24-04347.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:177812d520084aaf91d41902e5a26482","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/177812d520084aaf91d41902e5a26482","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 13, p 4347 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24134347","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134347","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/13/4347/pdf?version=1720102373","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400319717.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2086355237","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2288990755","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2573123015","https://openalex.org/W2885231902","https://openalex.org/W2928165649","https://openalex.org/W2948542618","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963300223","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2968120113","https://openalex.org/W2971365005","https://openalex.org/W2994794043","https://openalex.org/W3001808048","https://openalex.org/W3003509762","https://openalex.org/W3005559571","https://openalex.org/W3009131247","https://openalex.org/W3010401626","https://openalex.org/W3010407137","https://openalex.org/W3010622629","https://openalex.org/W3011409847","https://openalex.org/W3016641475","https://openalex.org/W3037874956","https://openalex.org/W3044607523","https://openalex.org/W3071068110","https://openalex.org/W3121502091","https://openalex.org/W3176188210","https://openalex.org/W3209002923","https://openalex.org/W4210746697","https://openalex.org/W4220836605","https://openalex.org/W4220967990","https://openalex.org/W4283740271","https://openalex.org/W4296177544","https://openalex.org/W4298004595","https://openalex.org/W4366377613","https://openalex.org/W4376628846","https://openalex.org/W4378650930","https://openalex.org/W4379106369","https://openalex.org/W4381617366","https://openalex.org/W4382137697","https://openalex.org/W4382795691","https://openalex.org/W4382934641","https://openalex.org/W4386933777","https://openalex.org/W4387247714","https://openalex.org/W4387570146","https://openalex.org/W4388078909","https://openalex.org/W4388659792","https://openalex.org/W4389082198","https://openalex.org/W4389131590","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6767006908","https://openalex.org/W6785748979","https://openalex.org/W6853084312","https://openalex.org/W6854746610"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2366107444","https://openalex.org/W4388145910","https://openalex.org/W2381570729","https://openalex.org/W1976205134","https://openalex.org/W4248336175","https://openalex.org/W2031260042","https://openalex.org/W2391445434","https://openalex.org/W3009369890","https://openalex.org/W4312490297","https://openalex.org/W2972212393"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"a":[1,14,106,113,148],"typical":[2],"component":[3],"of":[4,38,47,53,64,79,88,105,121,133,144,164,191],"remote":[5,8],"sensing":[6,9],"signals,":[7],"image":[10],"(RSI)":[11],"information":[12,23],"plays":[13],"strong":[15],"role":[16],"in":[17,68,72,99,154,158,167,169],"showing":[18],"macro,":[19],"dynamic":[20],"and":[21,28,60,75,172,199],"accurate":[22],"on":[24,207],"the":[25,39,43,76,84,103,119,123,130,134,142,145,155,162,188,192,200,208],"earth's":[26],"surface":[27],"environment,":[29],"which":[30],"is":[31,42,109,152,175,195,203],"critical":[32],"to":[33,111,117,128,160],"many":[34],"application":[35],"fields.":[36],"One":[37],"core":[40],"technologies":[41],"object":[44],"detection":[45,73,92,150,166],"(OD)":[46],"RSI":[48],"signals":[49],"(RSISs).":[50],"The":[51,177],"majority":[52],"existing":[54,184],"OD":[55,86,98,186],"algorithms":[56],"only":[57],"consider":[58],"medium":[59],"large":[61],"objects,":[62],"regardless":[63],"small-object":[65,165],"detection,":[66],"resulting":[67],"an":[69,90],"unsatisfactory":[70],"performance":[71,87],"precision":[74],"miss":[77,201],"rate":[78,202],"small":[80],"objects.":[81],"To":[82],"boost":[83],"overall":[85],"RSISs,":[89],"improved":[91,196],"framework,":[93],"I-YOLO-V5,":[94],"was":[95],"proposed":[96,193],"for":[97],"high-altitude":[100],"RSISs.":[101],"Firstly,":[102],"idea":[104],"residual":[107,115],"network":[108,124],"employed":[110,153],"construct":[112],"new":[114],"unit":[116],"achieve":[118],"purpose":[120],"improving":[122],"feature":[125],"extraction.":[126],"Then,":[127],"avoid":[129],"gradient":[131],"fading":[132],"network,":[135],"densely":[136],"connected":[137],"networks":[138],"are":[139],"integrated":[140],"into":[141],"structure":[143,157],"algorithm.":[146],"Meanwhile,":[147],"fourth":[149],"layer":[151],"algorithm":[156],"order":[159],"reduce":[161],"deficiency":[163],"RSISs":[168],"complex":[170],"environments,":[171],"its":[173],"effectiveness":[174],"verified.":[176],"experimental":[178],"results":[179],"confirm":[180],"that,":[181],"compared":[182],"with":[183],"advanced":[185],"algorithms,":[187],"average":[189],"accuracy":[190],"I-YOLO-V5":[194],"by":[197,205],"15.4%,":[198],"reduced":[204],"46.8%":[206],"RSOD":[209],"dataset.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
