{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400042529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134110","title":"Calibration and Inter-Unit Consistency Assessment of an Electrochemical Sensor System Using Machine Learning","display_name":"Calibration and Inter-Unit Consistency Assessment of an Electrochemical Sensor System Using Machine Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400042529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134110","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39000888"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24134110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134110","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/13/4110/pdf?version=1719304442","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/13/4110/pdf?version=1719304442","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070462429","display_name":"Ioannis D. Apostolopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6439-9282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8901234","display_name":"Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas","ror":"https://ror.org/052rphn09","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8901234"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ioannis D. Apostolopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), 26504 Patras, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6439-9282","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), 26504 Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8901234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092618282","display_name":"Silas Androulakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5808-7776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8901234","display_name":"Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas","ror":"https://ror.org/052rphn09","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8901234"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silas Androulakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece","Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), 26504 Patras, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5808-7776","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), 26504 Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8901234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033966422","display_name":"Panayiotis Kalkavouras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7295-8723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118731","display_name":"National Observatory of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/03dtebk39","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118731"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98805295","display_name":"University of the Aegean","ror":"https://ror.org/03zsp3p94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panayiotis Kalkavouras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Mytilene, Greece","Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 11810 Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7295-8723","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Mytilene, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 11810 Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009446087","display_name":"George Fouskas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3630-4121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8901234","display_name":"Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas","ror":"https://ror.org/052rphn09","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8901234"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Fouskas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), 26504 Patras, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3630-4121","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), 26504 Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8901234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084603540","display_name":"Spyros \u039d. Pandis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8085-9795"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8901234","display_name":"Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas","ror":"https://ror.org/052rphn09","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8901234"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Spyros N. Pandis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece","Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), 26504 Patras, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8085-9795","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), 26504 Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8901234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084603540"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644","https://openalex.org/I8901234"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.0812,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85756883,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"13","first_page":"4110","last_page":"4110"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14249","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9796000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.7607145309448242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.5802193880081177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5079494118690491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2935553789138794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12864789366722107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.12819048762321472}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.7607145309448242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5802193880081177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5079494118690491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2935553789138794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12864789366722107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.12819048762321472}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24134110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134110","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/13/4110/pdf?version=1719304442","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39000888","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39000888","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11244084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11244084","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0a148d9be9e144e8a8d5b673199bb29b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0a148d9be9e144e8a8d5b673199bb29b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 13, p 4110 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s24134110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134110","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/13/4110/pdf?version=1719304442","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6398478116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101057271","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400042529.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965018566","https://openalex.org/W2012404575","https://openalex.org/W2064127932","https://openalex.org/W2068743750","https://openalex.org/W2079811428","https://openalex.org/W2135747820","https://openalex.org/W2158554588","https://openalex.org/W2475217919","https://openalex.org/W2520558365","https://openalex.org/W2599180991","https://openalex.org/W2611252840","https://openalex.org/W2758868260","https://openalex.org/W2766433903","https://openalex.org/W2784031884","https://openalex.org/W2790475309","https://openalex.org/W2792212560","https://openalex.org/W2900198317","https://openalex.org/W2905325973","https://openalex.org/W2953855164","https://openalex.org/W2981938452","https://openalex.org/W3021176254","https://openalex.org/W3096474912","https://openalex.org/W3108208851","https://openalex.org/W3120346671","https://openalex.org/W3137129230","https://openalex.org/W3160435185","https://openalex.org/W3173552813","https://openalex.org/W3204457581","https://openalex.org/W4235953583","https://openalex.org/W4280577409","https://openalex.org/W4296167526","https://openalex.org/W4320728834","https://openalex.org/W4362671227","https://openalex.org/W4368351387","https://openalex.org/W4382864448","https://openalex.org/W4390988541"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"addresses":[2],"the":[3,20,53,92,100,111,121,142],"challenges":[4],"of":[5,17,99,110,147],"calibrating":[6,163],"low-cost":[7,27],"electrochemical":[8],"sensor":[9,60],"systems":[10],"for":[11,58,95,127,162,166],"air":[12],"quality":[13],"monitoring.":[14],"The":[15,50,102,153],"proliferation":[16],"pollutants":[18],"in":[19,83,87,141,168],"atmosphere":[21],"necessitates":[22],"efficient":[23],"monitoring":[24],"systems,":[25],"and":[26,39,48,73,97,131],"sensors":[28,133,140],"offer":[29],"a":[30,159],"promising":[31,160],"solution.":[32],"However,":[33],"issues":[34],"such":[35],"as":[36],"drift,":[37],"cross-sensitivity,":[38],"inter-unit":[40],"consistency":[41],"have":[42],"raised":[43],"concerns":[44],"about":[45],"their":[46],"accuracy":[47],"reliability.":[49],"study":[51],"explores":[52],"following":[54],"three":[55,84],"calibration":[56,113,125,151],"methods":[57],"converting":[59],"signals":[61,108,137],"to":[62,77,149],"concentration":[63],"measurements:":[64],"utilizing":[65,106],"manufacturer-provided":[66],"equations,":[67],"incorporating":[68,135],"machine":[69],"learning":[70],"(ML)":[71],"algorithms,":[72],"directly":[74],"applying":[75],"ML":[76,143,156],"voltage":[78,107,136],"signals.":[79],"Experiments":[80],"were":[81],"performed":[82],"urban":[85,169],"sites":[86],"Greece.":[88],"High-end":[89],"instrumentation":[90],"provided":[91],"reference":[93],"concentrations":[94],"training":[96],"evaluation":[98],"model.":[101],"results":[103],"reveal":[104],"that":[105],"instead":[109],"manufacturer\u2019s":[112],"equations":[114],"diminishes":[115],"variability":[116],"among":[117],"identical":[118],"sensors.":[119],"Moreover,":[120],"latter":[122],"approach":[123],"enhances":[124],"efficiency":[126],"CO,":[128],"NO,":[129],"NO2,":[130],"O3":[132],"while":[134],"from":[138],"all":[139],"algorithm,":[144],"taking":[145],"advantage":[146],"cross-sensitivity":[148],"improve":[150],"performance.":[152],"Random":[154],"Forest":[155],"algorithm":[157],"is":[158],"solution":[161],"similar":[164],"devices":[165],"use":[167],"areas.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-05-16T08:24:45.110214","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
